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become possessed of

  • 1 endemoniarse

    • become possessed
    • rage with fury

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > endemoniarse

  • 2 युज्


    yuj
    1) (cf. 2. yu cl. 7. P. Ā. Dhātup. XXIX, 7) yunákti, yuṅkté (ep. alsoᅠ yuñjati, - te;

    Ved. yojati, - te;
    yuje, yujmahe, 3. pl. yujata Impv. yukshvá;
    Pot. yuñjīyāt R. ;
    pf. yuyója, yuyujé RV. etc. etc., 3. sg. yuyojate RV. VIII, 70, 7 ;
    aor. Class. P. ayokshīt, ayaukshīt orᅠ ayujat;
    Ved. alsoᅠ Ā. áyuji;
    Ved. and Class. ayukshi, ayukta;
    fut. yoktā́ Br. ;
    yokshyati ib. ;
    - te AV. etc. etc.;
    inf. yoktum Br. ;
    yujé RV. ;
    ind. p. yuktvā́ ib. etc. etc.;
    yuktvā́ya RV. Br. ;
    - yujya MBh. etc.), to yoke orᅠ join orᅠ fasten orᅠ harness (horses orᅠ a chariot) RV. etc. etc.;
    to make ready, prepare, arrange, fit out, set to work, use, employ, apply ib. ;
    to equip (an army) R. ;
    to offer, perform (prayers, a sacrifice) BhP. ;
    to put on (arrows on a bow-string) MBh. ;
    to fix in, insert, inject (semen) ṠBr. ;
    to appoint to, charge orᅠ intrust with (loc. orᅠ dat.) MBh. VP. ;
    to command, enjoin BhP. ;
    to turn orᅠ direct orᅠ fix orᅠ concentrate (the mind, thoughts etc.) upon (loc.) TS. etc. etc.;
    (P. Ā.) to concentrate the mind in order to obtain union with the Universal Spirit., be absorbed in meditation ( alsoᅠ with yogam) MaitrUp. Bhag. etc.;
    to recollect, recall MBh. ;
    to join, unite, connect, add, bring together RV. etc. etc. (Ā. to be attached, cleave to Hariv.);
    to confer, orᅠ bestow anything (acc.) upon (gen. orᅠ loc.) BhP. MārkP. (Ā. with acc., to become possessed of MBh. ;
    with ātmani, to use for one's self, enjoy Mn. VI, 12);
    to bring into possession of, furnish orᅠ endow with (instr.) Mn. MBh. R. etc.. ;
    to join one's self to (acc.) RV. ;
    (in astron.) to come into union orᅠ conjunction with (acc.) VarBṛS.:
    Pass. yujyáte (ep. alsoᅠ - ti;
    aor. áyoji), to be yoked orᅠ harnessed orᅠ joined etc. RV. etc. etc.;
    to attach one's self to (loc.) Hit. ;
    to be made ready orᅠ prepared for (dat.) Bhag. ;
    to be united in marriage Gaut. MBh. ;
    to be endowed with orᅠ possessed of (instr. with orᅠ without saha) Mn. MBh. etc.;
    (in astron.) to come into conjunction with (instr.) VarBṛS. ;
    to accrue to, fall to the lot of (gen.) Pañcat. ;
    to be fit orᅠ proper orᅠ suitable orᅠ right, suit anything (instr.), be fitted for (loc.), belong to orᅠ suit any one (loc. orᅠ gen.), deserve to be (nom.) Mn. MBh. etc.;
    (with na) not to be fit orᅠ proper etc. for (instr.) orᅠ to (inf., alsoᅠ with pass. sense = « ought not to be») Kāv. Kathās. Pañcat.:
    Caus. yojayati (m. c. alsoᅠ - te;
    aor. ayūyujat;
    Pass. yojyate), to harness, yoke with (instr.), put to (loc.) Kauṡ. MBh. etc.;
    to equip (an army), draw up (troops) MBh. R. etc.;
    to use, employ, set to work, apply, undertake, carry on, perform, accomplish Mn. MBh. etc.;
    to urge orᅠ impel to Bhartṛ. Prab. ;
    to lead towards, help to (loc.) Sarvad. ;
    to set (snares, nets etc.) MBh. Hit. ;
    to put orᅠ fix on (esp. arrows) ĀṡvGṛ. MBh. etc.;
    to aim (arrows) at (loc.) R. ;
    to fasten on orᅠ in, attack, adjust, add, insert Kauṡ. Kāv. Pur. ;
    (with manas, ātmānam etc.) to direct the thoughts to, concentrate orᅠ fix the mind upon (loc.) MBh. Hariv. Pur. ;
    to join, unite, connect, combine, bring orᅠ put together ( alsoᅠ = write, compose) R. Var. Rājat. etc.;
    to encompass, embrace MBh. ;
    to put in order, arrange, repair, restore Rājat. ;
    to endow orᅠ furnish orᅠ provide with (instr.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    to mix (food) with (instr.) Mn. VII, 218 ;
    to confer anything upon (loc.) BhP. ;
    (in astron.) to ascertain orᅠ know ( jānāti) the conjunction of the moon with an asterism (instr.) Pāṇ. 3-1, 26 Vārtt. 11 Pat. ;
    (Ā.) to think little of, esteem lightly, despise Vop. in Dhātup. XXXIII, 36:
    Desid. yuyukshati, to wish to harness orᅠ yoke orᅠ join etc.;
    to wish to appoint orᅠ institute MBh. ;
    to wish to fix orᅠ aim (arrows) BhP. ;
    (Ā.) to wish to be absorbed in meditation, devout Bhaṭṭ.:
    Intens. yoyujyate, yoyujīti orᅠ yoyokti
    + Gr. cf. Gk. ζεύγνυμι, ζυγόν;
    Lat. jungere, jugum;
    Lith. júngus;
    Slav. igo;
    Goth. juk;
    Germ. joh, ñoch;
    Angl. Sax. geoc;
    Eng. yoke
    yúj
    2) mfn. (mostly ifc.;

    when uncompounded, the strong cases have a nasal
    e.g.. nom. yuṅ, yuñjau, yuñjas, but aṡva-yuk etc. Pāṇ. 7-1, 71)
    joined, yoked, harnessed, drawn by RV. etc. etc.
    (cf. aṡva-, hari-, hayôttama-yuj);
    furnished orᅠ provided orᅠ filled with, affected by, possessed of (instr., mostly comp.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    bestowing, granting (e.g.. kāma-yuj, « granting wishes») Hariv. ;
    exciting, an exciter (e.g.. yuṇbhiyaḥ, an excñexciter of fear) Bhaṭṭ. ;
    being in couples orᅠ pairs, even (not odd orᅠ separate) Lāṭy. Mn. MBh. etc.;
    m. a yoke-fellow, companion, comrade, associate RV. AV. Br. ;
    a sage who devotes his time to abstract contemplation W. ;
    a pair, couple, the number « two» Pañcar. ;
    du. the two Aṡvins L. ;
    (in astron.) the zodiacal sign Gemini

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > युज्

  • 3 deabrutu

    da/ad. to {be || become} possessed by the devil; \deabruturik aurkitzen zen he found himself possessed by the devil

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > deabrutu

  • 4 संधा


    saṉ-dhā
    P. Ā. - dadhāti, - dhatte (ep. 1. pl. pr. -dadhāmahe=-dadhmahe;

    pr. p. -dhāna=-dadhāna;
    inf. -dhitum=-dhātum), to place orᅠ hold orᅠ put orᅠ draw orᅠ join orᅠ fasten orᅠ fix orᅠ sew together, unite (with akshīṇi, « to close the eyes» ;
    with vraṇam, « to heal a wound» ;
    with manas, « to compose the mind» ;
    with mitrá-dhitāni, « to conclude an alliance» ;
    with vācam, « to hold orᅠ interchange conversation»), to combine, connect with (instr.) RV. etc. etc.;
    (Ā.) to bring together, reconcile Mn. MBh. ;
    to be reconciled, agree with (instr., rarely acc.), Pañcav. Br. etc. etc.;
    to mend, restore, redress AitBr. ChUp. etc.;
    to lay down on orᅠ in (loc.), fix on (esp. an arrow on a bow, with instr. orᅠ with loc.
    e.g.. dhanuḥṡareṇa, orᅠ ṡaraṉdhanushi, « to take aim» ;
    generally Ā.) MBh. R. Hariv. ;
    (Ā.) to direct towards ( tataḥ) Ragh. ;
    to aim at (?) RV. V, 54, 2 ;
    to involve in (loc.) RV. I, 165, 6 ;
    to confer on (loc.), grant, yield, bestow (with nāma andᅠ gen., « to give a name to» ;
    Ā. with ṡraddhām andᅠ loc., « to place credence in» ;
    with sāhāyyam, « to afford assistance») MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    to cause, inflict MBh. Kir. ;
    (Ā.) to be a match for, hold out against (acc.) Pañcat. ;
    to comprehend MBh. ;
    (Ā.) to use, employ (instr.) MBh. IV, 964:
    Pass. - dhīyate, to be put together orᅠ joined orᅠ connected etc.;
    to be placed orᅠ held in (loc.) RV. I, 168, 3 ;
    to become possessed of (instr.) AitBr.:
    Desid. - dhitsati, to wish to place orᅠ join together, desire to repair ṠBr. ;
    saṉ-dhā́
    f. intimate union, compact, agreement AV. TS. Gobh. ;

    a promise, vow Ragh. ;
    intention, design Daṡ. ;
    mixture, preparation of a beverage etc. L. ;
    a boundary, limit Campak.;
    fixed state, condition (= sthiti) L. ;
    often w.r. for saṉdhyā (q.v.);
    - bhāshita, - bhāshya, orᅠ - vacana n. allusive speech (cf. saṉ-dhāya) SaddhP. ;
    - veṇikā f. a game Divyâ̱v.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > संधा

  • 5 λαγχάνω

    λαγχάνω, [tense] fut.
    A

    λήξομαι Pl.R. 617e

    ; [dialect] Ion. λάξομαι (cf. λάξις) Hdt.7.144: [tense] aor.

    ἔλᾰχον Il.9.367

    , etc.; [dialect] Ep.

    ἔλλαχον h.Cer.87

    , v.l. for ἔλλαβεν in Theoc.25.271; [dialect] Ep.

    λάχον Il.4.49

    , al.; [dialect] Aeol. opt. [ per.] 1sg.

    λαχόην Sapph.9

    (

    λαχοίην A.D. Synt.247.25

    ); for λέλᾰχον v. infr. IV: [tense] pf.

    εἴληχα A.Th. 376

    , 423, etc.: [tense] plpf.

    εἰλήχει Pl.Phd. 107d

    ; poet. and [dialect] Ion.

    λέλογχα Pi.O.1.53

    , B.9.39, Emp.20.3, E.Tr. 282 (lyr.), Hdt.7.53, Test. ap.D.21.82, D.H.4.83, etc., but not in early [dialect] Att. Prose; [ per.] 3pl. λελογχᾰσι ([etym.] ν) Od.11.304, Emp.102, but

    λελᾰχᾱσι Id.115.5

    ; part.

    λελαχώς Phld.D.1.17

    ; [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3sg.

    λελόγχει Theoc.4.40

    : [tense] plpf.

    ἐλελόγχει Luc. Am.18

    :—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

    ἐλήχθην Lys.17.8

    , Is.9.24, D.38.20: [tense] pf.

    εἴληγμαι E.Tr. 296

    , D.30.34; [ per.] 3pl.

    λελάχαται Perict.

    ap. Stob.4.28.19:
    I c. acc. rei, obtain by lot, of spoils, opp. ἐξαιρεῖσθαι, Od.14.233, cf. Il. 9.367, etc.: generally, obtain as one's portion,

    τὸ γὰρ λάχομεν γέρας ἡμεῖς 4.49

    ;

    λαχόντα τε ληΐδος αἶσαν 18.327

    ;

    πρὸς δαιμόνων ὄλβον Pi. N.9.45

    ;

    μέζονας μοίρας λ. Heraclit.25

    ;

    μοῖραν ἴσην, ὡς αὐτοί περ ἐλάγχανον Od.20.282

    , cf. Hdt.7.144: with inf. added, ἔλαχον πολιὴν ἅλα ναιέμεν I had the sea for my portion to dwell in, Il.15.190, cf. Pi.O. 6.34, A.Eu. 931 (anap.);

    ἔλαχ' ἄναξ δούλην σ' ἔχειν E.Tr. 278

    , cf. 282 (lyr.); of a deity as presiding over one's life,

    ἐμὲ μὲν Κὴρ.. λάχε γεινόμενόν περ Il.23.79

    ;

    τῶ σκληρῶ μάλα δαίμονος ὅς με λελόγχει Theoc. 4.40

    ;

    δαίμων ὁ τὴν ἡμετέραν μοῖραν εἰληχώς Lys.2.78

    ;

    ὦ δαῖμον, ὅς με.. εἴληχας Alciphr.3.49

    : also, esp. in [tense] pf., to be the tutelary deity of a place, protect it. [

    Πὰν] πάντα λόφον.. λέλογχε h.Hom.19.6

    ;

    θεοῖσι οἳ Περσίδα γῆν λελόγχασι Hdt.7.53

    ;

    παῖ Ῥέας, ἃ πρυτανεῖα λέλογχας Pi. N.11.1

    ; of Athena,

    ἣ τὴν ὑμετέραν πόλιν ἔλαχε Pl.Ti. 23d

    , cf. E.Or. 319 (lyr.), Ph. 1576 (lyr.): metaph.,

    ἀκέρδεια λέλογχεν θαμινὰ κακαγόρος Pi.O.1.53

    : freq. of persons who have a post assigned to them by lot,

    κλήρῳ νῦν πεπάλασθε διαμπερές, ὅς κε λάχῃσι Il.7.171

    , cf. 179, 23.354, 862: c. inf.,

    κλήρῳ λάχον ἐνθάδ' ἕπεσθαι 24.400

    ; so

    πάλῳ λαχεῖν A.Th.55

    , Hdt.4.94, cf. 3.128;

    ὡς ἐν πύλαις ἕκαστος εἴληχεν πάλον A. Th. 376

    : abs., πρὸς Θύμβρης ἔλαχον Δύκιοι had their post assigned near Thymbra, Il.10.430; ἐπί, ἐν πύλαις λ., A.Th. 423, 451, etc.; λαχών alone, Hdt.3.128, etc.; λ. τινὰ διδάσκαλον have him assigned to one by lot, Antipho 6.11.
    2 at Athens, obtain an office by lot, ἀρχὰς λαχεῖν, opp. χειροτονηθῆναι (to be elected), D.57.25, cf.Ar.Av. 1111;

    οὐδεμίαν [ἀρχὴν] λαχὼν οὐδὲ χειροτονηθείς Aeschin.1.106

    : more freq. c. inf., ὁ τῷ κυάμῳ λαχὼν πολεμαρχέειν he who had the lot to be polemarch, Hdt.6.109;

    ἔλαχον πρότεροι ἀποδιδόναι Th.5.21

    , cf. 35;

    λαχὼν.. ἱερομνημονεῖν Ar.Nu. 623

    ; λαχόντος βουλεύειν when I became Member of Council by lot, D.21.111, cf. 59.3, Pl.Grg. 473e: c. gen., λαχεῖν τῶν ἐξιόντων to be chosen by lot as one of.., D.21.133; also

    οἱ ταμίαι οἱ λαχόντες IG12.91.21

    ; λαχεῖν βασιλεύς, ἐπιμελητής, ἱερεύς, etc., Lys.6.4, Din.2.10, D.57.47, etc.;

    ἐπίσκοπος τῷ κυάμῳ λαχών Ar.Av. 1022

    ; οἱ πεντακόσιοι <οἱ> λαχόντες τῷ κυάμῳ Lexap.And.1.96: abs., κληρούχους τοὺς λαχόντας those on whom the lot fell, Th.3.50, cf. Pl.Lg. 765c;

    τοὺς λαχόντας προέδρους SIG465.6

    (Athens, iii B. C.); rare exc. in Athens, λαχὼν ἱερεύς ib.762.12 (Dionysopolis, i B. C.), etc.
    3 as [dialect] Att. law-term, λαγχάνειν δίκην obtain leave to bring a suit (esp. a private suit), prob. because the presiding magistrates decided the order of hearing by lot; λ. δίκην τινί against one, Pl.Euthphr.5b, Lg. 938b, cf. Aeschin.2.99;

    ἔγκλημά τινι D.34.16

    ; τὸν εἰληχότα τοῦ κλήρου τὴν δίκην the person suing for the inheritance, Is.8.3: without τὴν δίκην, εἴληχε μὲν αὑτῷ τῆς θυγατρὸς τῆς Εὐκτήμονος ὡς οὔσης ἐπικλήρου he has claimed Euctemon's daughter.., Id.6.46, cf. D.48.20;

    λ. τινὶ τοῦ συμβολαίου Lys.17.3

    ;

    λ. φόνου ἐμαυτῷ D.21.120

    ; also λ. τῷ υἱεῖ τῆς ἐπικλήρου prosecute the claim on his son's behalf, And.1.121, cf. 124;

    λ. δίκην τινὶ εἰς τοὺς Ἀμφικτύονας χιλίων ταλάντων ὑπέρ τινος D. 59.98

    , cf. Isoc.16.2: abs.,

    λ. πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα Is.11.33

    : metaph.,

    τοῦ σώματος [τῇ ψυχῇ] δίκην λαχόντος Democr.159

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    πρὸς οὓς αἱ δίκαι ἐλήχθησαν Lys.17.8

    ;

    πρὸ τοῦ τὴν δίκην ληχθῆναι D.54.28

    : impers., τούτοις λαγχάνεται proceedings are taken, Id.23.76.
    II c. gen. partit., become possessed of a thing,

    ὥς κεν Ἀχιλλεὺς δώρων ἐκ Πριάμοιο λάχῃ Il.24.76

    ;

    ἔλαχον κτερέων Od.5.311

    , cf. Thgn.934, Pi.I.8(7).69, Fr.75.6, B.1.56, 9.39, Lyr.Adesp.53, Emp.102, 115.5, Democr.21;

    εὖ πραπίδων λαχόντα A.Ag. 380

    (lyr.);

    χρυσῆς.. τιμῆς λαχεῖν S.Ant. 699

    ;

    οὔ τι μὴ λάχωσι τοῦδε συμμάχου Id.OC 450

    ; γέννας

    ἀφθίτου λαχόντες Id.Fr. 278

    ;

    διπλοῦ βίου λαχόντες E.Supp. 1086

    ; πατρῴων οὐ λαχών not having obtained thy patrimony, Id.Tr. 1192;

    τῆς εὐπρεπεστάτης τελευτῆς Th.2.44

    ;

    δείπνου τε καὶ ὕπνου λαγχάνομεν X.Hier.6.9

    ; also

    χθονὸς λαχεῖν τοσοῦτον ἐνθανεῖν μόνον S.OC 790

    ;

    γάμου μέρος λαχοῦσα Id.Ant. 918

    ;

    τύμβου κοινὸν εἰληχὼς μέρος Id.El. 1135

    ;

    τῆς γῆς τὸ πρὸς Νότον εἴληχε Παλλάς Id.Fr.24.8

    .
    III abs., draw lots,

    κατάστασις ἡ διὰ τοῦ λαγχάνειν γιγνομένη Isoc.7.23

    , cf. D.S. 4.63, etc.;

    περί τινος D.21

    Arg.2<*><*> 3, 4, Ev.Jo.19.24.
    IV causal only in [dialect] Ep. redupl. [tense] aor. λέλᾰχον, put in possession of a thing, grant one the rights of..,

    ὄφρα πυρός με Τρῶες.. λελάχωσι θανόντα Il.7.80

    , cf. 15.350, 23.76: later this [tense] aor. is used intr. in AP7.341 (Procl.).
    V intr., fall to one's lot or share, ἐς ἑκάστην [νῆα] ἐννέα λάγχανον αἶγες nine goats were allotted to each, Od.9.160;

    αἰὼν δυσαίων ἔλαχεν E. Hel. 214

    (lyr.);

    ὅσοις.. τὸ σωφρονεῖν εἴληχεν Id.Hipp.80

    ;

    τὸ λαχὸν μέρος ἑκάστῳ τῷ θεῷ Pl.Lg. 745e

    , cf. Epin. 992d;

    τὴν πρὸς Νότον λαχεῖν φασι Δευκαλίωνι Str.9.5.23

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > λαγχάνω

  • 6 como

    adv.
    1 as.
    lo he hecho como es debido I did it as o the way it should be done
    me encanta como bailas I love the way you dance
    lo hagamos como lo hagamos habrá problemas whichever way we do it there'll be problems
    2 as.
    como te decía ayer… as I was telling you yesterday…
    3 as.
    trabaja como bombero he works as a fireman
    dieron el dinero como anticipo they gave the money as an advance
    me quedan como mil pesos I've got about a thousand pesos left
    estamos como a mitad de camino we're about half-way there
    tiene un sabor como a naranja it tastes a bit like an orange
    5 like, as, such as, qua.
    6 how, in which way.
    7 some.
    Pesa como cien libras It weighs some hundred pounds.
    conj.
    1 as, since (ya que).
    como no llegabas, nos fuimos as o since you didn't arrive, we left
    2 if (si). (peninsular Spanish)
    como no me hagas caso, lo pasarás mal if you don't listen to me, there will be trouble
    3 that (que).
    después de tantas veces como te lo he explicado after all the times (that) I've explained it to you
    prep.
    1 like, as, just like, such as.
    Te di esto en condición de préstamo I gave this to you as a loan.
    2 as to.
    3 how to.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comer.
    * * *
    1 (modo) how
    2 (comparación) as, like
    2 (si) if
    como lo vuelvas a hacer... if you do it again...
    3 (porque) as, since
    \
    como quiera que (no importa cómo) however 2 (ya que) since, as, inasmuch as
    como sea whatever happens, no matter what
    como si lo viera familiar I can imagine perfectly well
    como si nada / como si tal cosa as if nothing had happened
    hacer como quien to pretend to +inf
    hacer como si to pretend to +inf
    tanto como eso no familiar not as much as that
    * * *
    1. conj.
    1) as
    2) like
    3) if
    4) since, given that
    2. prep.
    as, like
    * * *
    1. ADV
    1) [indicando semejanza] like
    2) [introduciendo ejemplo] such as

    hay peces, como truchas y salmones — there are fish, such as trout and salmon

    tiene ventajas, como son la resistencia y durabilidad — it has advantages, such as o like strength and durability

    3) [indicando modo]
    a) + indic

    hazlo como te dijo ellado it like * o the way she told you

    toca como cantashe plays like * o the same way as she sings

    no es como me lo imaginabait isn't as o like * I imagined it

    tal como, tal como lo había planeado — just as o the way I had planned it

    b) + subjun

    hazlo como puedas — do your best, do the best you can

    como seaat all costs

    4) (=en calidad de) as
    5) (=más o menos) about, around

    sentía como tristezashe felt a sort o kind of sadness

    6) [con valor causal]
    2. CONJ
    1) + indic (=ya que) as, since

    como no tenía dineroas o since I had no money

    2) + indic (=según) as

    tal (y) como están las cosas — the way things are, as things stand

    tal como están los precios de las motos... — with motorbike prices as they are at the moment...

    3) + indic (=cuando) as soon as
    4) + indic
    (=que)

    verás como les ganamos — we'll beat them, you'll see

    de tanto como, tienen las manos doloridas de tanto como aplaudieron — they clapped so much their hands hurt

    de tanto como odio a los dos, no sé a quien odio más — I hate them both so much, I don't know which I hate the most

    5) + subjun (=si) if

    como vengas tarde, no comes — if you're late you'll get nothing to eat

    como sea cierto, ¡estamos perdidos! — if it's true, we're done for!

    ¡como lo pierdas! — you'd better not lose it!, don't you lose it!

    como no, como no lo haga en seguida... — if he doesn't do it at once..., unless he does it at once...

    no salimos, como no sea para ir al cine — we only go out if it's to go to the cinema, we don't go out unless it's to go to the cinema

    6)

    como queas if

    ¡como que yo soy tonto y me creo esas mentiras! — as if I was stupid enough to believe lies like that!

    ¡como que te van a pagar! — don't tell me they're going to pay you!

    7)

    como si — as if, as though

    siguió leyendo, como si no hubiera oído nada — he kept on reading, as if o as though he hadn't heard

    sentí como si fuera a caermeI felt as if o as though I was about to fall

    como si no hubiera pasado nadaas if o as though nothing had happened

    se comporta como si me odiarahe behaves as if o as though he hated me

    como si fuera a lloveras if o as though it was going to rain

    8)

    como para, ¡es como para denunciarlos! — it's enough to make you want to report them to the police!

    9) CAm, Méx

    a como dé o diera lugar — at any cost

    así 1., 5), pronto 1., 4), querer 2., 1)
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( en calidad de) as

    el director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...

    se la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) ( por ejemplo) like
    2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

    bailó como nuncashe danced as o like she'd never danced before

    como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him

    así como — (frml) as well as

    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried

    II

    (tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)

    hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can

    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called

    2) ( puesto que) as, since

    como era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk

    3) (si) (+ subj) if

    como te pille... — if I catch you...

    cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me

    5) ( que)

    vas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see

    III
    2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)

    me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...

    * * *
    = as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.
    Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex. An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.
    Ex. Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.
    Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex. Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.
    Ex. Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.
    Ex. Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.
    Ex. Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.
    Ex. More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.
    Ex. In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.
    Ex. 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.
    Ex. The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex. Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.
    Ex. Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex. It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.
    ----
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.
    * algo así como = something like.
    * añádase cómo = expand like.
    * así como = as, as well as.
    * así como así = just like that.
    * así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....
    * así es como = this is how.
    * así es como es = that's how it is.
    * caer como moscas = drop like + flies.
    * como aclaración = in parenthesis.
    * como algo natural = as a matter of course.
    * como algo normal = as a matter of course.
    * como algo opuesto a = as against.
    * como algo residual = residually.
    * como alternativa = as an alternative.
    * como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.
    * como antes = as before.
    * como apoyo a = in support of.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como base para = as a basis for.
    * como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.
    * como cabía esperar = as expected.
    * como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.
    * como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).
    * cómo conseguir = obtainability.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como contrapartida = in return.
    * como cooperativa = collegially.
    * como corresponde = fittingly.
    * como corresponde a = as befits.
    * como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.
    * como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.
    * cómo demonios = how on earth.
    * como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como diferente a = as distinct from.
    * cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.
    * como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.
    * como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.
    * como el cuero = leathery.
    * como el desierto = desert-like.
    * como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como el fuego = like wildfire.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * como en casa = like home (away) from home.
    * como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.
    * como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.
    * como era de esperar = as expected.
    * como es debido = fittingly.
    * como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.
    * como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.
    * como es habitual = as always.
    * como es natural = not unnaturally.
    * como es normal = as always.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como fecha final = at the very latest.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como grogui = drowsily, groggily.
    * como grupo = collectively.
    * como guía = for guidance.
    * como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como la pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como las ardillas = squirrel-like.
    * como las empresas = business-like.
    * como loca = like a madwoman.
    * como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * como medida temporal = as an interim measure.
    * como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.
    * como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.
    * como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.
    * como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como muy tarde = at the latest.
    * como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.
    * como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.
    * cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....
    * como nota al margen = on a sidenote.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.
    * como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.
    * como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.
    * como parásito = parasitically.
    * como persona que = as one who.
    * como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.
    * como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.
    * como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.
    * como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.
    * como por encanto = magically.
    * como poseído = as one possessed.
    * como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.
    * como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.
    * como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.
    * como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).
    * como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.
    * como segunda alternativa = as a backup.
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * cómo + ser = what + be like.
    * como si = as though.
    * como si dijéramos = as it were.
    * como siempre = as always.
    * como si fuese = as it were.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.
    * como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * como si (se tratase de) = as if.
    * como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.
    * como sustituto de = in place of.
    * como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.
    * como término medio = on average.
    * como todo un caballero = sportingly.
    * como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.
    * como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.
    * como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.
    * como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.
    * como una cebolla = onion-like.
    * como una condenada = like a madwoman.
    * como una descosida = like a madwoman.
    * como una forma de = as a means of.
    * como una metralladora = quick-fire.
    * como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un bobo = stupidly.
    * como un bólido = like the clappers.
    * como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.
    * como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.
    * como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.
    * como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.
    * como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un estúpido = stupidly.
    * como un experto = expertly.
    * como un glaciar = glacially.
    * como unidad global = as a whole.
    * como un idiota = stupidly.
    * como un loca = like a madwoman.
    * como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.
    * como un método para = as a means of.
    * como un modo de = as a way of.
    * como un necio = stupidly.
    * como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.
    * cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.
    * como un platillo = saucer-like.
    * como un poseído = as one possessed.
    * como un rayo = in a flash.
    * como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.
    * como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.
    * como un televisor = television-type.
    * como un todo = as a whole.
    * como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.
    * como un torpe = foolishly.
    * como un zombi = zombielike.
    * como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.
    * como y cuando = as and when.
    * como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.
    * comportarse como se espera = be a sport.
    * con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....
    * conocerse como = be known as.
    * dar como resultado = result (in).
    * de cómo = as to how.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * el modo como = the way in which.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.
    * plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.
    * proponer como principio = posit.
    * sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.
    * seleccionar como relevante = hit.
    * ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.
    * tanto como siempre = as much as ever.
    * tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.
    * tomar como ejemplo = take.
    * un poco como = kind of like.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( en calidad de) as

    el director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...

    se la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) ( por ejemplo) like
    2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

    bailó como nuncashe danced as o like she'd never danced before

    como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him

    así como — (frml) as well as

    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried

    II

    (tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)

    hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can

    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called

    2) ( puesto que) as, since

    como era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk

    3) (si) (+ subj) if

    como te pille... — if I catch you...

    cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me

    5) ( que)

    vas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see

    III
    2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)

    me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...

    * * *
    = as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.

    Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.

    Ex: An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.
    Ex: Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.
    Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex: Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.
    Ex: Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.
    Ex: Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.
    Ex: Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.
    Ex: More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.
    Ex: In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.
    Ex: 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.
    Ex: The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex: Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.
    Ex: Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex: It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.
    * algo así como = something like.
    * añádase cómo = expand like.
    * así como = as, as well as.
    * así como así = just like that.
    * así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....
    * así es como = this is how.
    * así es como es = that's how it is.
    * caer como moscas = drop like + flies.
    * como aclaración = in parenthesis.
    * como algo natural = as a matter of course.
    * como algo normal = as a matter of course.
    * como algo opuesto a = as against.
    * como algo residual = residually.
    * como alternativa = as an alternative.
    * como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.
    * como antes = as before.
    * como apoyo a = in support of.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como base para = as a basis for.
    * como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.
    * como cabía esperar = as expected.
    * como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.
    * como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).
    * cómo conseguir = obtainability.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como contrapartida = in return.
    * como cooperativa = collegially.
    * como corresponde = fittingly.
    * como corresponde a = as befits.
    * como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.
    * como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.
    * cómo demonios = how on earth.
    * como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como diferente a = as distinct from.
    * cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.
    * como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.
    * como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.
    * como el cuero = leathery.
    * como el desierto = desert-like.
    * como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como el fuego = like wildfire.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * como en casa = like home (away) from home.
    * como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.
    * como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.
    * como era de esperar = as expected.
    * como es debido = fittingly.
    * como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.
    * como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.
    * como es habitual = as always.
    * como es natural = not unnaturally.
    * como es normal = as always.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como fecha final = at the very latest.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como grogui = drowsily, groggily.
    * como grupo = collectively.
    * como guía = for guidance.
    * como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como la pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como las ardillas = squirrel-like.
    * como las empresas = business-like.
    * como loca = like a madwoman.
    * como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * como medida temporal = as an interim measure.
    * como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.
    * como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.
    * como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.
    * como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como muy tarde = at the latest.
    * como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.
    * como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.
    * cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....
    * como nota al margen = on a sidenote.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.
    * como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.
    * como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.
    * como parásito = parasitically.
    * como persona que = as one who.
    * como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.
    * como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.
    * como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.
    * como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.
    * como por encanto = magically.
    * como poseído = as one possessed.
    * como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.
    * como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.
    * como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.
    * como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).
    * como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.
    * como segunda alternativa = as a backup.
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * cómo + ser = what + be like.
    * como si = as though.
    * como si dijéramos = as it were.
    * como siempre = as always.
    * como si fuese = as it were.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.
    * como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * como si (se tratase de) = as if.
    * como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.
    * como sustituto de = in place of.
    * como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.
    * como término medio = on average.
    * como todo un caballero = sportingly.
    * como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.
    * como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.
    * como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.
    * como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.
    * como una cebolla = onion-like.
    * como una condenada = like a madwoman.
    * como una descosida = like a madwoman.
    * como una forma de = as a means of.
    * como una metralladora = quick-fire.
    * como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un bobo = stupidly.
    * como un bólido = like the clappers.
    * como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.
    * como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.
    * como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.
    * como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.
    * como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un estúpido = stupidly.
    * como un experto = expertly.
    * como un glaciar = glacially.
    * como unidad global = as a whole.
    * como un idiota = stupidly.
    * como un loca = like a madwoman.
    * como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.
    * como un método para = as a means of.
    * como un modo de = as a way of.
    * como un necio = stupidly.
    * como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.
    * cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.
    * como un platillo = saucer-like.
    * como un poseído = as one possessed.
    * como un rayo = in a flash.
    * como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.
    * como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.
    * como un televisor = television-type.
    * como un todo = as a whole.
    * como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.
    * como un torpe = foolishly.
    * como un zombi = zombielike.
    * como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.
    * como y cuando = as and when.
    * como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.
    * comportarse como se espera = be a sport.
    * con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....
    * conocerse como = be known as.
    * dar como resultado = result (in).
    * de cómo = as to how.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * el modo como = the way in which.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.
    * para colmo = on top of everything else.
    * plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.
    * proponer como principio = posit.
    * sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.
    * seleccionar como relevante = hit.
    * ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.
    * tanto como siempre = as much as ever.
    * tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.
    * tomar como ejemplo = take.
    * un poco como = kind of like.

    * * *
    A
    usando el paraguas como bastón using his umbrella as a walking stick
    quiero hablarte como amigo y no como abogado I want to speak to you as a friend and not as a lawyer
    el director tendrá como funciones … the director's duties will be …
    está considerado como lo mejor he's considered (to be) the best
    lo presentó como su ex-marido she introduced him as her ex-husband
    la flor conocida allí como `Santa Rita' the flower known there as `Santa Rita'
    en algunas capitales como Londres in some capital cities such as London o like London
    necesitamos a alguien como tú we need someone like you
    tengo ganas de comer algo dulce — ¿como qué? I fancy something sweet — like what?
    B (en comparaciones, contrastes) like
    quiero un vestido como el tuyo I want a dress like yours
    pienso como tú I agree with you
    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz
    se portó como un caballero he behaved like a gentleman
    la quiero como a una hija I love her like a daughter o as if she were my own daughter
    bailó como nunca she danced as o like she'd never danced before
    me trata como a un imbécil he treats me like an idiot o as if I were an idiot
    se llama algo así como Genaro o Gerardo he's called something like Genaro or Gerardo
    ¡no hay nada como un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!
    era verde, un verde como el de la alfombra de la oficina it was green, the color of the office carpet
    como PARA + INF:
    es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry, it makes you want to cry
    C ( en locs):
    así como ( frml); as well as
    por esto, así como por muchas otras razones because of this, and for many other reasons as well o as well as for many other reasons
    sus abundantes recursos naturales, así como su importancia estratégica its abundant natural resources, together with o as well as its strategic importance
    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!
    como mucho at (the) most, at the outside
    como poco at least
    como nadie: hace la paella como nadie she makes wonderful paella, nobody makes paella like her
    como que …: conduce muy biencomo que es piloto de carreras he drives very well — well, he is a racing driver, after all
    le voy a decir cuatro cosas — sí, sí, como que te vas a atrever … I'm going to give him a piece of my mind — oh, yes? I'll believe that when I see it
    y no me lo dijiste — ¡como que no sabía nada! and you didn't tell me about it — that's because I didn't know anything about it myself!
    como ser (CS); such as, for example, like
    como si (+ subj) as if, as though
    actuó como si no le importara she acted as if o as though she didn't care
    ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all worried o he behaves as if it's nothing (to worry about)
    él como si nada or como si tal cosa, ni se inmutó he just stood there without batting an eyelid
    no me gustó el modo or la manera como lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it
    llegó temprano, tal como había prometido he arrived early, just as he had promised
    ganó Raúl, como era de esperar Raúl won, as was to be expected
    así en la tierra como en el cielo on Earth as it is in Heaven
    como dice el refrán as the saying goes
    (tal y) como están las cosas as things stand, the way things are
    (+ subj): hazlo como quieras do it any way you like o how you like
    no voycomo quieras I'm not going — please yourself o as you like
    me dijo que me las arreglara como pudiera he told me to sort things as best I could
    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame bougainvillea or whatever it's called
    como quiera que sea, ellos se llevaron la copa anyway, the point is they won the cup
    B (puesto que) as, since
    como todavía era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta since o as it was still early, we went for a walk, it was still early so we went for a walk
    C (+ subj) (si) if
    como te vuelva a encontrar por aquí if I catch you around here again
    D
    (en oraciones concesivas): cansado como estaba, se ofreció a ayudarme tired though o tired as he was, he offered to help me
    joven como es, tiene más sentido común que tú he may be young but he has more common sense than you
    E
    (que): vimos como se los llevaban en una furgoneta we saw them being taken away in a van, we saw how they were taken away in a van
    vas a ver como llega tarde he'll be late, you'll see
    como a la mitad del camino about half way there
    está como a cincuenta kilómetros it's about fifty kilometers away
    vino como a las seis she came at around o about six
    tiene un sabor como a almendras it has a kind of almondy taste, it tastes something like o a bit like almonds
    un ruido como de un motor a noise like that of an engine
    B (uso expletivo) kind of ( colloq)
    es que me da como vergüenza … I find it kind of embarrassing …
    * * *

     

    Del verbo comer: ( conjugate comer)

    como es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    algo como    
    comer    
    como    
    cómo
    comer ( conjugate comer) verbo intransitivo


    este niño no me come nada (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq);
    dar(le) de cómo a algn (en la boca) to spoonfeed sb;
    darle de cómo al gato/al niño to feed the cat/the kid;
    salir a cómo (fuera) to go out for a meal, to eat out;
    ¿qué hay de cómo? ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?;

    ( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?
    b) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almorzar) to have lunch;


    c) (esp AmL) ( cenar) to have dinner

    verbo transitivo
    a)fruta/verdura/carne to eat;

    ¿puedo cómo otro? can I have another one?;

    no tienen qué cómo they don't have anything to eat
    b) (fam) ( hacer desaparecer) See Also→ comerse 3

    c) (en ajedrez, damas) to take

    comerse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) ( al escribir) ‹acento/palabra to leave off;

    línea/párrafo to miss out

    palabra to swallow
    2 ( enf) ‹ comida to eat;

    cómose las uñas to bite one's nails
    3 (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
    a) [acido/óxido] to eat away (at);

    [polilla/ratón] to eat away (at)
    b) [inflación/alquiler] ‹sueldo/ahorros to eat away at

    como preposición
    a) ( en calidad de) as;



    se la conoce cómo `flor de luz' it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like;


    ¡no hay nada cómo un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!;
    es cómo para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry
    d) ( en locs)

    así como (frml) as well as;

    como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least;
    como ser (CS) such as, for example;
    como si (+ subj) as if, as though
    ■ conjunción


    cómo era de esperar as was to be expected;
    no me gustó cómo lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it;
    (tal y) cómo están las cosas as things stand;
    hazlo cómo quieras/cómo mejor puedas do it any way you like/as best as you can;
    no voycómo quieras I'm not goingplease yourself
    b) ( puesto que) as, since;

    cómo era temprano, fui a dar una vuelta as it was early, I went for a walk

    c) (si) (+ subj) if;

    cómo te pille … if I catch you …

    ■ adverbio ( expresando aproximación) about;

    un sabor cómo a almendras a kind of almondy taste
    cómo adverbio

    ¿cómo estás? how are you?;

    ¿cómo es tu novia? what's your girlfriend like?;
    ¿cómo es de grande? how big is it?;
    ¿cómo te llamas? what's your name?
    b) ( por qué) why, how come (colloq);

    ¿cómo no me lo dijiste antes? why didn't you tell me before?

    c) ( al solicitar que se repita algo) sorry?, pardon?;

    ¿cómo dijo? sorry, what did you say?


    ¡cómo llueve! it's really raining!;

    ¡cómo comes! the amount you eat!;
    ¡cómo! ¿no te lo han dicho? what! haven't they told you?
    e) ( en locs)

    ¿a cómo …?: ¿a cómo están los tomates? (fam) how much are the tomatoes?;

    ¿a cómo estamos hoy? (AmL) what's the date today?;
    ¡cómo no! of course!;
    ¿cómo que …?: ¿cómo que no fuiste tú? what do you mean it wasn't you?;
    aquí no está — ¿cómo que no? it isn't herewhat do you mean it isn't there?
    comer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to eat
    2 (en el parchís, etc) to take
    3 (estrechar) ese corte de pelo te come la cara, that haircut makes your face look thinner
    ese mueble te come mucho salón, that piece of furniture makes your living room look smaller
    II verbo intransitivo to eat: hay que darle de comer al perro, we have to feed the dog
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar comer como una lima, to eat like a horse
    familiar comer el coco/tarro a alguien, to brainwash somebody
    sin comerlo ni beberlo, le pusieron una sanción, although he has nothing to do with it, he was disciplined
    como
    I adverbio
    1 (manera) how: hazlo como quieras, do it however you like
    me gusta como habla, I like the way he speaks
    2 (semejanza, equivalencia) as: es como tú, he's just like you
    terco como una mula, as stubborn as a mule
    3 (conformidad) as: como estaba diciendo..., as I was saying...
    como indica el prospecto, as the instructions say
    4 (aproximadamente) about
    como a la mitad de camino, more or less halfway
    como unos treinta, about thirty
    II conj
    1 como [+ subj], (si) if: como no comas, no vas al cine, if you don't eat, you won't go to the cinema
    2 (porque) as, since
    como llamó tan tarde, ya no me encontró, as he phoned so late, he didn't find me in
    3 como si, as if
    como si nada o tal cosa, as if nothing had happened
    familiar como si lo viera, I can just imagine it
    III prep (en calidad de) as: lo aconsejé como amigo, I advised him as a friend
    visitó el museo como experto, she visited the museum as an expert
    ¿As, like o how?
    As
    se usa para hablar de la función, uso, papel o trabajo de una persona o cosa (trabajó como camarera durante las vacaciones, she worked as a waitress during the holidays) o para comparar dos acciones o situaciones y expresar su similitud. En este caso es necesario disponer de un verbo: Entró de botones, como lo había hecho su padre veinte años antes. He entered as an office-boy, as his father had twenty years before.
    Cuando como va seguido de un sustantivo o pronombre también puedes usar like para comparar dos acciones o situaciones: Es como su padre. He's just like his father. Sin embargo, si va seguido de una preposición, hay que usar as: En marzo, como en abril, llovió. In March, as in April, it rained.
    Nunca debes usar how en comparaciones, porque sólo expresa la manera de hacer las cosas: ¿Cómo lo hiciste?, How did you do it?
    cómo adverbio
    1 (interrogativo) how: ¿cómo es de alto?, how high is it?
    ¿cómo estás?, how are you?
    ¿cómo se hace?, how is it made?
    2 (cuánto) ¿a cómo están los plátanos?, how much are the bananas?
    3 (por qué) ¿cómo es que no nos avisaste?, why didn't you warn us?
    familiar ¿cómo es eso?, how come?
    4 (cuando no se ha oído bien) ¿cómo?, what?
    5 (exclamativo) how
    ¡cómo ha cambiado!, how she's changed!
    ♦ Locuciones: cómo no, of course
    ' cómo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aburrirse
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - acondicionar
    - acreditar
    - actuar
    - adiós
    - alma
    - alquilar
    - alta
    - alto
    - amable
    - andar
    - apear
    - apenas
    - aprendizaje
    - arreglarse
    - arte
    - así
    - atizar
    - atonía
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bala
    - balsa
    - bañera
    - bastante
    - beber
    - bestia
    - borrega
    - borrego
    - botija
    - buenamente
    - cabra
    - cada
    - caracterización
    - casa
    - cencerro
    - cerrarse
    - cesar
    - chinche
    - cielo
    - coco
    - coletilla
    - colorada
    - colorado
    - comer
    - como
    - como quiera
    - comoquiera
    English:
    ablaze
    - above
    - abroad
    - acclaim
    - accordingly
    - act
    - address
    - alternatively
    - always
    - arouse
    - as
    - ashen
    - attractive
    - awaken
    - away
    - back
    - barrage
    - bash out
    - be
    - beaver away
    - best
    - bicker
    - big
    - black
    - blind
    - bolt
    - bombshell
    - bone
    - border
    - bored
    - both
    - break
    - breed
    - brownout
    - by-product
    - cake
    - calculate
    - care
    - chalk
    - champagne
    - change
    - charm
    - cheer
    - churn out
    - class
    - climax
    - clown around
    - coin
    - colour
    - come about
    * * *
    Como nm
    el lago Como Lake Como
    * * *
    I adv
    1 as;
    como amigo as a friend
    :
    había como cincuenta there were about fifty;
    hace como una hora about an hour ago
    3
    :
    así como as well as
    II conj
    1 if;
    como si as if;
    como si fuera tonto as if he were o was an idiot;
    como no bebas vas a enfermar if you don’t drink you’ll get sick
    2 expresando causa as, since;
    como no llegó, me fui solo as o since she didn’t arrive, I went by myself
    3
    :
    me gusta como habla I like the way he talks;
    como quiera any way you want
    * * *
    cómo adv
    : how
    ¿cómo estás?: how are you?
    ¿a cómo están las manzanas?: how much are the apples?
    ¿cómo?: excuse me?, what was that?
    ¿se puede? ¡cómo no!: may I? please do!
    como adv
    1) : around, about
    cuesta como 500 pesos: it costs around 500 pesos
    2) : kind of, like
    tengo como mareos: I'm kind of dizzy
    como conj
    1) : how, as
    hazlo como dijiste que lo harías: do it the way you said you would
    2) : since, given that
    como estaba lloviendo, no salí: since it was raining, I didn't go out
    3) : if
    como lo vuelva a hacer lo arrestarán: if he does that again he'll be arrested
    4)
    como quiera : in any way
    como prep
    1) : like, as
    ligero como una pluma: light as a feather
    2)
    así como : as well as
    * * *
    como1 adv
    1. (manera) how
    2. (comparaciones) as / like
    3. (según) as
    4. (ejemplo) like
    algunas aves, como el pingüino, no vuelan some birds, like penguins, can't fly
    como sea at all costs / no matter what
    como si as if / as though
    como2 conj
    1. (causa) as
    como hacía sol, nos fuimos a la playa as it was sunny, we went to the beach
    como llegues tarde, te quedarás sin pastel if you're late, you won't get any cake

    Spanish-English dictionary > como

  • 7 भूत _bhūta

    भूत p. p. [भू-क्त]
    1 Become, being, existing.
    -2 Produced, formed.
    -3 Actually being, really happened, true; भूताश्चार्था विरुद्ध्यन्ति देशकालविरोधिताः Rām.5.3.37.
    -4 Right, proper, fit; अभूतेनापवादेन कीर्तीं निपतितामिव Rām. 5.15.34; भूतार्थव्याहृतिः सा हि न स्तुतिः परमेष्ठिनः R.1.33.
    -5 Past, gone.
    -6 Obtained.
    -7 Mixed or joined with.
    -8 Being like, similar, (see भू); मग्नां द्विषच्छद्मनि पङ्कभूते Ki.3.39.
    -तः 1 A son, child.
    -2 An epithet of Śiva.
    -3 The fourteenth day of the dark half of a lunar month (also भूता).
    -4 A great devotee.
    -5 N. of a priest of the gods.
    -6 The dark fortnight of a month (कृष्णपक्ष).
    -7 see भूतगण.
    -तम् 1 Any being (human, divine or even inanimate); इत्थं रतेः किमपि भूतमदृश्यरूपं मन्दीचकार मरणव्यवसायबुद्धिम् Ku.4.45; Pt.2. 87.
    -2 A living being, an animal, a creature; क्षरः सर्वाणि भूतानि कूटस्थो$क्षर उच्यते Bg.15.16; भूतेषु किं च करुणां बहुली- करोति Bv.1.122; U.4.6.
    -3 A spirit, ghost, an imp, a devil (m. also in these senses); ततो रक्षां महातेजः कुरु भूतविनाशिनीम् Rām.7.66.3.
    -4 An element; (they are five, i. e. पृथ्वी, अप्, तेजस्, वायु, and आकाश); तं वेधा विदधे नूनं महाभूतसमाधिना R.1.29.
    -5 An actual occurrence, a fact, a matter of fact.
    -6 The past, past time.
    -7 The world.
    -8 Well-being, welfare.
    -9 A symbolical expression for the number 'five'.
    -1 Fitness, propriety.
    -Comp. -अनुकम्पा compassion for all beings; भूतानुकम्पा तव चेत् R.2.48.
    -अनुवादः a mention of established facts, a variety of अर्थवाद (q. v.); भूतानुवादमात्रमनर्थकम् ŚB. on MS.1.2.4.
    -अन्तकः the god of death, Yama.
    -अभिषङ्गः possession by evil spirits.
    -अरिः Asa Fœtida.
    -अर्थः 1 the fact, real fact, true state, truth, reality; आर्ये कथयामि ते भूतार्थम् Ś.1; भूतार्थशोभाह्नियमाणनेत्रा Ku.7.13; कः श्रद्धास्यति भूतार्थं सर्वो मां तुलयिष्यति Mk.3.24.
    -2 an element of life. ˚कथनम्, ˚व्याहृतिः f. a statement of facts; भूतार्थव्याहृतिः सा हि न स्तुतिः परमेष्ठिनः R.1.33.
    -अवमानिन् m. despiser of all; भूतावमानी हैहयश्चार्जुनः Kau. A.1.6.
    -आत्मक a. consisting or composed of the elements.
    -आत्मन् 1 one whose soul is purified.
    -2 composed of the five elements (as the body); cf. Ms.12.12. (-m.)
    1 the individual (as opposed to the Supreme Soul); विद्यातपोभ्यां भूतात्मा बुद्धिर्ज्ञानेन शुद्ध्यति Ms.5.19; विधमिष्यति ते देहे भूतात्मानं चिरोषितम् Rām.6.59. 55.
    -2 an epithet of Brahman.
    -3 of Śiva.
    -4 of Viṣṇu; भूतात्मा भूतभावनः V. Sah.
    -5 an elementary substance.
    -6 the body.
    -7 war, conflict.
    -8 the elementary or vital principle.
    -9 a soul which clings to the elements, a carnal mind; भूतात्मनस्तपोविद्ये बुद्धेर्ज्ञानं विशोधनम् Y.3.34.
    -आदिः 1 the Supreme Spirit.
    -2 an epithet of Ahaṁkāra (in Sāṅkhya phil.).
    -आर्त a. possessed by a devil.
    -आवासः 1 the body.
    -2 an epithet of &Scute;iva.
    -3 of Viṣṇu; वसन्ति त्वयि भूतानि भूतावासस्ततो हरिः Hariv.
    -आविष्ट a. possessed by a devil or evil spirit.
    -आवेशः demoniac possession.
    -इज्यम्, -इज्या making oblations to the Bhūtas.
    -इन्द्रियजयिन् m. a kind of ascetic.
    -इष्टा the fourteenth day of a lunar fortnight.
    -ईशः 1 an epithet of Brahman.
    -2 of Viṣṇu.
    -3 of Śiva; भूतेशस्य भुजङ्गवल्लिवलयस्रङ्नद्धजूटा जटाः Māl.1.2; भूतेशप्रीति- हेतोः Udb.
    -ईश्वरः an epithet of Śiva; भूयः स भूतेश्वर- पार्श्ववर्ती R.2.46.
    -उन्मादः demoniac possession.
    -उपदेशः a reference to past things or such as already exist.
    -उपसृष्ट, -उपहत a. possessed by a devil.
    -ओदनः a dish of rice (eaten to counteract the influence of demons).
    -कर्तृ, -कृत् m. an epithet of Brahman; सर्वलोकप्रभुर्ब्रह्मा भूतकर्तृ तथर्षयः Rām.2.25.25; ततस्थानाह भूत- कृत् 7.4.12.
    -कला f. a power which produces the five elements; धरादिपञ्चभूतानां निवृत्त्याद्याः कलाः स्मृताः Śāradātilakam.
    -कालः 1 past time.
    -2 (in gram.) the past or preterite time.
    -केशी the holy basil.
    -कोटिः absolute non-entity; Bhddh.
    -क्रान्तिः f. possession by a devil.
    -गणः 1 the collection of created beings.
    -2 the whole class of spirits or devils; प्रेतान् भूतागणांश्चान्ये यजन्ते तामसा जनाः Bg.17.4.
    -गत्या truthfully; तदखिलमिह भूतं भूतगत्या...... अभिलषति स्म N.9.159.
    -गुणः a quality of the elements; शब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धा भूतगुणाः स्मृताः Śāradātilakam.
    -ग्रस्त possessed by a devil.
    -ग्रामः 1 the whole multitude or aggregate of living beings; U.7; भूतग्रामः स एवायं भूत्वा भूत्वा प्रलीयते Bg.8.19.
    -2 a multitude of spirits.
    -3 the body.
    -घ्नः 1 a kind of birch tree.
    -2 a camel.
    -3 garlic. (
    -घ्नी) the holy basil.
    -चतुर्दशी the fourteenth day of the dark half of Kārtika.
    -चारिन् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -चिन्तकः = स्वभाववादिन् q. v.; दैवमित्यपरे विप्राः स्वभावं भूतचिन्तकाः Mb.12.232.19.
    -चिन्तनिकः an adherent to the doctrine that the mind or intellect is produced from material elements.
    -चिन्ता an enquiry into the ele- ments, investigation into their nature.
    -चैतन्यम् intellect- uality of matter.
    -जननी the mother of all beings.
    -जयः victory over the elements.
    -तन्त्रम् the doctrine of spirits.
    -तन्मात्रम् a subtle element.
    -दया compassion towards all beings, universal benevolence.
    -द्रुमः Cordia Latifolia (Mar. भोंकर).
    -द्रुह्, -ध्रुक् a. injurious, mali- cious.
    -धरा, -धात्री, -धारिणी the earth.
    -धात्री sleep.
    -नाथः an epithet of Śiva; तद् भूतनाथानुग नार्हसि त्वम् R.2.58.
    -नायिका an epithet of Durgā.
    -नाशनः 1 the marking-nut plant.
    -2 mustard.
    -3 pepper.
    (-नम्) 1 Asa Fœtida.
    -2 a bead used for rosaries (रुद्राक्ष).
    -निचयः the body.
    -पक्षः the dark fortnight.
    -पतिः 1 an epithet of Śiva; ध्यानास्पदं भूतपतेर्विवश Ku.3.43,74.
    -2 of Agni.
    -3 the sacred basil.
    -4 the sky; ज्वलसि यन्निशि भूतपतिं श्रितः N.4.55.
    -पत्री the holy basil.
    -पालः the guardian of living beings.
    -पूर्णिमा the day of full- moon in the month of Āśvina.
    -पूर्वम् ind. formerly. a.
    1 former, ancient, old; पश्यामि च जनस्थानं भूतपूर्वखरा- लयम् U.2.17.
    -2 deceased.
    -प्रकृतिः f. the origin of all beings; यामाहुः सर्वभूतप्रकृतिरिति Ś.1.1 (v. l.).
    -बलिः = भूतयज्ञ q. v.
    -ब्रह्मन् m. a low Brāhmaṇa who maintains himself with the offerings made to an idol; see देवल.
    -भर्तृ a. sustaining all beings; भूतभर्तृ च तज्ज्ञेयं ग्रसिष्णु प्रभविष्णु च Bg.13.16. -m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -भव a. existing in all beings.
    -भव्यम् past and future.
    -भावनः 1 an epithet of Brahman.
    -2 of Viṣṇu.
    -भाविन् a.
    1 creating living beings.
    -भाषा, -भाषितम् the language of devils.
    -भृत् a. sustaining the elements or creatures; भूतभृन्न च भूतस्थो ममात्मा भूतभावनः Bg.9.5.
    -भौतिक a. consisting of the elements.
    -महेश्वरः an epithet of Śiva.
    -मातृ f. an epithet of Gaurī.
    -मातृका the earth.
    -मात्रम्, -त्रा the rudiment of an element.
    -मात्रा f. pl. the coarse and subtile elements; तास्वेव भूतमात्रासु प्रलीयन्ते विभागशः Ms.12.17.
    -यज्ञः an oblation or offering to all created beings, one of the five daily Yajñas to be perfo- rmed by a householder.
    -योनिः the origin of all created beings.
    -रयाः a. a class of gods under the 5th Manu; Bhāg.
    -राज् m. an epithet of Śiva.
    -लिपिः a particular magic formula.
    -वर्गः the whole class of spirits.
    -वादिन् a. telling the real fact or truth.
    -वासः the Bibhītaka tree.
    -वाहनः an epithet of Śiva.
    -विक्रिया 1 epilepsy.
    -2 possession by a devil.
    -विज्ञान, -विद्या demonology (भूतविद्या); Ch. Up.7.1.2.
    -विनायकः a leader of evil beings; Bhāg.
    -विभुः a king; शाहभूविभुः Śāhendra. 2.93.
    -वृक्षः the Bibhītaka tree.
    -वेशी a white flowering Vitex Negundo (Mar. निर्गुडी).
    -शुद्धिः f. purifica- tion of the elements (of the body).
    -संसारः 1 the world of mortals.
    -2 the course of existence; घोरे$स्मिन् भूतसंसारे नित्यं सततयायिनि Ms.1.5.
    -संघः the totality of beings or of the elements.
    -संचारः demoniac possession.
    -संचारिन् m. a forest conflagration.
    -संप्लवः universal deluge or destruction; आभूतसंप्लवस्थानममृतत्वं हि भाषते.
    -समागमः the meeting of mortals; यथा काष्ठं च... समेत्य च व्यपेयातां तद्वद् भूतसमागमः Mb.12.28.36.
    -सर्गः 1 the creation of the world, the class or order of created beings.
    -2 creation of the elements.
    -साक्षिन् m. 'all- seeing', an eye-witness of created beings.
    -साधनी the earth.
    -सूक्ष्मम् a subtle element.
    -सृज् m. an epithet of Brahman; बहुधा गतां जगति भूतसृजा कमनीयतां समभिहृत्य पुरा Ki.6.42.
    -सृष्टिः f.
    1 the illusion effected by the power of Bhūtas.
    -2 the whole class of Bhūtas taken collectively.
    -स्थानम् 1 the abode of living beings.
    -2 the abode of demons.
    -हत्या destruction of living beings.
    -हन्त्री a species of Dūrvā grass.
    -हरः bdellium.
    -हासः a kind of fever.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > भूत _bhūta

  • 8 excepcional

    adj.
    exceptional.
    * * *
    1 (extraordinario) exceptional, outstanding
    2 (raro) exceptional, unusual
    * * *
    adj.
    exceptional, outstanding
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=anómalo) [medidas, circunstancias] exceptional
    2) (=muy bueno) exceptional
    * * *
    adjetivo exceptional
    * * *
    = exceptional, one-off, outstanding, outstandingly + Adjetivo, with a difference, non-recurrent, out of the ordinary, unusual.
    Ex. All abstracts, barring possibly those of exceptional length, should consist of one paragraph only.
    Ex. Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.
    Ex. The PRECIS indexing system is a set of procedures for producing index entries which in theoretical terms represents an advance outstanding for its highly formularized approach to citation order and reference, or added entry, generation.
    Ex. It is tempting to quote the tremendous successes of outstandingly popular authors such as Harold Robbins, James Herriot, Catherine Cookson and a relatively small number of other household names (to book readers).
    Ex. The article 'Web authoring with a difference' reviews the current authoring tools available for organizations wishing to become involved in the World Wide Web (WWW).
    Ex. Special grants are defined as grants of a non-recurrent nature to fund (or partly fund) major projects = Las subvenciones especiales se definen como aquellas subvenciones de una naturaleza excepcional para financiar (total o parcialmente) proyectos importantes.
    Ex. In the past, there was a tendency to label a person as abnormal simply because he or she possessed traits that were considered out of the ordinary.
    Ex. If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    ----
    * Consejo para los Niños Excepcionales (CEC) = Council for Exceptional Children (CEC).
    * ser algo excepcional = be in a league of its own.
    * ser un caso excepcional = be in a league of its own.
    * * *
    adjetivo exceptional
    * * *
    = exceptional, one-off, outstanding, outstandingly + Adjetivo, with a difference, non-recurrent, out of the ordinary, unusual.

    Ex: All abstracts, barring possibly those of exceptional length, should consist of one paragraph only.

    Ex: Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.
    Ex: The PRECIS indexing system is a set of procedures for producing index entries which in theoretical terms represents an advance outstanding for its highly formularized approach to citation order and reference, or added entry, generation.
    Ex: It is tempting to quote the tremendous successes of outstandingly popular authors such as Harold Robbins, James Herriot, Catherine Cookson and a relatively small number of other household names (to book readers).
    Ex: The article 'Web authoring with a difference' reviews the current authoring tools available for organizations wishing to become involved in the World Wide Web (WWW).
    Ex: Special grants are defined as grants of a non-recurrent nature to fund (or partly fund) major projects = Las subvenciones especiales se definen como aquellas subvenciones de una naturaleza excepcional para financiar (total o parcialmente) proyectos importantes.
    Ex: In the past, there was a tendency to label a person as abnormal simply because he or she possessed traits that were considered out of the ordinary.
    Ex: If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    * Consejo para los Niños Excepcionales (CEC) = Council for Exceptional Children (CEC).
    * ser algo excepcional = be in a league of its own.
    * ser un caso excepcional = be in a league of its own.

    * * *
    exceptional
    un niño de una inteligencia excepcional a child of exceptional intelligence
    realizó una excepcional labor en el campo de la medicina he performed outstanding work in the field of medicine
    el proyecto ha despertado un interés excepcional the project has aroused unusual interest
    recibieron un servicio excepcional they received first-class o exceptional service
    * * *

    excepcional adjetivo ‹caso/circunstancia/talento exceptional;
    contribución/labor outstanding
    excepcional adjetivo exceptional: el marisco es de una calidad excepcional, the seafood is of exceptional quality
    ' excepcional' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    privilegiada
    - privilegiado
    - singular
    - Titán
    - monumento
    English:
    exceptional
    - extraordinary
    - outstanding
    - saving
    - singular
    - unusual
    - rare
    - remarkable
    - superlative
    * * *
    1. [ocasional] exceptional;
    sólo en circunstancias excepcionales only in exceptional circumstances
    2. [extraordinario] exceptional;
    alcanzar el segundo puesto es un logro excepcional reaching second place is an exceptional achievement
    * * *
    adj exceptional
    * * *
    extraordinario: exceptional, extraordinary, rare
    * * *
    excepcional adj exceptional

    Spanish-English dictionary > excepcional

  • 9 fuera de lo normal

    extraordinary, very unusual
    * * *
    (adj.) = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary
    Ex. The head of the serial department in our library must cope with an abnormally heavy workload and a transferred-in employee who refuses to work overtime in her department.
    Ex. The article 'Web authoring with a difference' reviews the current authoring tools available for organizations wishing to become involved in the World Wide Web (WWW).
    Ex. He developed an alternative and unordinary way of talking about out thoughts.
    Ex. In the past, there was a tendency to label a person as abnormal simply because he or she possessed traits that were considered out of the ordinary.
    * * *
    (adj.) = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary

    Ex: The head of the serial department in our library must cope with an abnormally heavy workload and a transferred-in employee who refuses to work overtime in her department.

    Ex: The article 'Web authoring with a difference' reviews the current authoring tools available for organizations wishing to become involved in the World Wide Web (WWW).
    Ex: He developed an alternative and unordinary way of talking about out thoughts.
    Ex: In the past, there was a tendency to label a person as abnormal simply because he or she possessed traits that were considered out of the ordinary.

    Spanish-English dictionary > fuera de lo normal

  • 10 perder

    v.
    1 to lose (dinero, objeto, amigo).
    Ella pierde She loses.
    Ella pierde su cartera She loses her purse.
    Ella perdió la oportunidad She lost the opportunity.
    no te pelees con él, que llevas las de perder don't get into a fight with him, you're bound to lose
    3 to waste.
    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    4 to miss (tren, vuelo).
    Ella perdió el bus She missed the bus.
    5 to be the ruin of.
    le pierde su pasión por el juego his passion for gambling is ruining him
    6 to lose, to leak (tener un escape de) (agua).
    ese camión va perdiendo aceite this lorry is losing o leaking oil
    7 to go downhill.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ENTENDER], like link=entender entender
    1 (gen) to lose
    2 (malgastar, desperdiciar) to waste
    3 (tren etc) to miss
    4 (ser causa de daños) to be the ruin of
    1 (gen) to lose; (salir perdiendo) to lose out
    2 (empeorar) to get worse
    esta ciudad ha perdido mucho, ya no es lo que era this city has gone downhill, it isn't what it used to be
    1 (extraviarse - persona) to get lost; (- animal) to go missing
    2 (confundirse) to get confused, get mixed up
    3 (desaparecer) to disappear, take off
    en cuanto ve problemas, se pierde as soon as there's a problem, he disappears
    4 (dejar escapar) to miss
    ¡no te lo pierdas! don't miss it!
    \
    echar a perder to spoil
    perder agua to leak
    perder color to fade
    perder de vista to lose sight of
    perderse por algo/alguien familiar to give up everything for somebody/something
    salir perdiendo to come off worse, lose out
    tener buen perder to be a good loser
    tener mal perder to be a bad loser
    ¡piérdete! familiar get lost!
    * * *
    verb
    2) miss
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ objeto, dinero, peso] to lose

    perder algo de vistato lose sight of sth

    conviene no perder de vista que... — we mustn't forget that..., we mustn't lose sight of the fact that...

    2) [+ tiempo] to waste

    ¡me estás haciendo perder el tiempo! — you're wasting my time!

    3) [+ aire, aceite] to leak

    el vehículo pierde aceite — the car is leaking oil, the car has an oil leak

    4) (=no coger) [+ tren, avión] to miss; [+ oportunidad] to miss, lose
    5) (=destruir) to ruin

    ese vicio le perderá — that vice will ruin him, that vice will be his ruin

    lo que le pierde es... — where he comes unstuck is...

    6) (Jur) to lose, forfeit
    2. VI
    1) [en competición, disputa] to lose

    tienen o llevan todas las de perder — they look certain to lose

    saber perder — to be a good loser

    salir perdiendo, salí perdiendo en el negocio — I lost out on the deal

    2) (=empeorar)

    era un buen cantante, pero ha perdido mucho — he was a good singer, but he's gone downhill

    era muy guapo, pero ha perdido bastante — he isn't nearly as good-looking as he used to be

    3) [tela] to fade
    4)

    echar a perder — [+ comida, sorpresa] to ruin, spoil; [+ oportunidad] to waste

    echarse a perder — [comida] to go off; [sorpresa] to be ruined, be spoiled

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( extraviar) <llaves/documento/guante> to lose
    b) <señal/imagen/contacto> to lose
    3)
    a) <dinero/propiedad/cosecha> to lose

    con preguntar no se pierde nada — we've/you've nothing to lose by asking, there's no harm in asking

    más se perdió en la guerra — (fr hecha) it's not the end of the world

    b) <derecho/trabajo> to lose
    c) <brazo/sangre/vista> to lose

    perder la vida — to lose one's life, to perish; cabeza, vista II, III

    d) <hijo/marido> to lose
    4)
    a) <interés/entusiasmo/paciencia> to lose

    llegas tarde, para no perder la costumbre — (iró) you're late, just for a change (iro)

    perder la práctica/la costumbre — to get out of practice/the habit

    perder el conocimiento — to lose consciousness, to pass out

    b) <fuerza/intensidad/calor/altura> to lose

    perder el ritmo — (Mús) to lose the beat; ( en trabajo) to get out of the rhythm

    c) <peso/kilos> to lose
    5)
    a) <autobús/tren/avión> to miss
    b) <ocasión/oportunidad> to miss
    c) < tiempo> to waste
    6)
    a) <guerra/pleito/partido> to lose
    b) <curso/año> to fail; < examen> (Ur) to fail
    7) <agua/aceite/aire> to lose
    2.
    perder vi
    1) ( ser derrotado) to lose
    2)
    a) cafetera/tanque to leak
    b) (RPl) color ( aclararse) to fade
    3)

    echar(se) a perder ver echar I 1) a), echarse I 1) a)

    3.
    perderse v pron
    1)
    a) ( extraviarse) persona/objeto to get lost; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿y a tí que se te ha perdido por allí? — whatever possessed you to go there

    no hay por dónde perderse — (Chi fam) there's no question about it

    b) ( desaparecer) to disappear
    c) (en tema, conversación)

    empieza otra vez, ya me perdí — start again, you've lost me already

    2) <fiesta/película/espectáculo> to miss
    a) ( acabar mal) to get into trouble, lose one's way (liter)
    b) (Per fam) ( prostituirse) to go on the streets (colloq)
    * * *
    = lose, misplace, forfeit, mislay, lose out, miss, suffer + loss.
    Ex. One of the hardest tasks of a curator is to make a precis of the information about a particular object without losing any essential information.
    Ex. This article discusses the common abuses of circulation privileges by a few faculty members: removing books from the library without checking them out; misplacing books after they have been checked out; and failing to return books when needed by others = Este artículo analiza los abusos comunes de los privilegios de préstamo por parte de unos pocos profesores: coger libros de la biblioteca sin sacarlos en préstamo, perder libros tras haberlos sacados en préstamo y no dever libros cuando otros los necesitan.
    Ex. In addition, it enables the library to respond to the needs of the new popular culture without forfeiting its traditional cultural purpose.
    Ex. Workflow systems automate business processes, such as the management of a housing benefit claim, to ensure all tasks are completed on time and no information can be lost or mislaid.
    Ex. Libraries, in the crush to pay journal invoices, are losing out, as other services as well as staffing and pay all end up unfunded = Las bibliotecas, ante la presión de tener que pagar las facturas de las revistas, salen perdiendo ya que otros servicios así como el personal y los salarios terminanan todos con insuficientes fondos.
    Ex. Thus the browser may miss valuable items, although some browsers will find browsing a perfectly adequate method of gauging the extent of a library collection.
    Ex. They played their third game of the season today and suffered another loss but the team continues to improve.
    ----
    * echar a perder = ruin, bungle, bring out + the worst in, cast + a blight on, blight, go off.
    * echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.
    * echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans.
    * ganar cuando todo parece estar perdido = victory from the jaws of defeat.
    * hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * hacer perder el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + enthusiasm.
    * hacer perder el sentido a = make + nonsense of.
    * hacer perder la agilidad física = stale.
    * hacer perder la agilidad mental = stale.
    * hacer perder las esperanzas = dampen + Posesivo + hopes.
    * hacer que Alguien pierda el empleo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * hacer que pierda el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.
    * lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.
    * lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * ni ganar ni perder = break + even.
    * no perder de vista = keep + an eye on, keep + a beady eye on, keep in + sight.
    * no perder el ánimo = keep + Posesivo + chin up.
    * no perder el control = stay on top of, stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no perder la calma = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no perderse = keep on + the right track.
    * no perderse en/por = find + Posesivo + way round/through.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * no perderse nada = be no great loss.
    * no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.
    * perder agua = lose + water, leak.
    * perder Algo = take + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + hands.
    * perder confianza = lose + confidence (in).
    * perder contacto con la realidad = lose + touch with reality.
    * perder control = lose + control (of).
    * perder credibilidad = destroy + credence.
    * perder de vista = lose from + sight, drop from + sight, lose + sight of.
    * perder de vista el hecho de que = lose + sight of the fact that.
    * perder eficacia = lose + clout.
    * perder el alma = lose + Posesivo + soul.
    * perder el ánimo = lose + heart.
    * perder el apetito = lose + Posesivo + appetite.
    * perder el atractivo = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour.
    * perder el color = fade.
    * perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * perder el contacto con = lose + touch with.
    * perder el control = slip beyond + the grasp of, lose + Posesivo + grip, run + amok, sweep + Nombre + off + Posesivo + feet, go to + pieces, go + wild.
    * perder el control de Algo = get out of + hand.
    * perder el control de la situación = things + get out of hand.
    * perder el culo = go into + raptures.
    * perder el encanto = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour, lose + Posesivo + shine.
    * perder el entusiasmo = lose + heart.
    * perder el equilibrio = lose + Posesivo + balance.
    * perder el favor de = lose + popularity with.
    * perder el hábito = lose + the habit.
    * perder el hilo = lose + the plot, lose + the thread.
    * perder el interés = pall.
    * perder el juicio = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder el norte = be off course, fly off + course.
    * perder el pie = lose + Posesivo + footing.
    * perder el rumbo = be off course, fly off + course.
    * perder el sentido = faint, lose + Posesivo + senses, lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * perder el sentido del humor = lose + sense of humour.
    * perder el sueño por = lose + sleep over/on.
    * perder el tiempo = dawdle, mess around, pissing into the wind, mess about, faff (about/around), pootle, sit + idle, muck around/about, piddle around.
    * perder el tiempo, hacer esto y aquello de un modo relajado = piddle around.
    * perder el valor = lose + Posesivo + nerve.
    * perder entusiasmo = lose + enthusiasm.
    * perder esperanza = lose + hope.
    * perder fuerza = lose + power, lose + steam.
    * perder gas = lose + steam.
    * perder hasta la camisa = lose + Posesivo + shirt.
    * perder ímpetu = lose + momentum, run out of + steam, lose + impetus.
    * perder influencia = lose + clout.
    * perder interés = lapse, lose + interest.
    * perder la cabeza = lose + Posesivo + mind, lose + Posesivo + head, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, fly off + the handle, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go + soft in the head.
    * perder la calma = blow + a fuse.
    * perder la chaveta = go + bonkers, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go + berserk, go + postal, go + haywire.
    * perder la chaveta por = have + a crush on.
    * perder la compostura = lose + Posesivo + balance, break down + in disarray.
    * perder la conciencia = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * perder la cordura = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder la credibilidad = lose + face.
    * perder la cuenta (de) = lose + count (of).
    * perder la esperanza = despair, throw in + the towel, give up + hope, throw in/up + the sponge.
    * perder la fe = lose + Posesivo + faith.
    * perder la identidad de uno = lose + Posesivo + identity.
    * perder la ilusión = lose + heart.
    * perder la motivación = lose + motivation.
    * perder la noción del tiempo = lose + track of time, lose + all notion of time, lose + all sense of time.
    * perder la oportunidad = miss + the boat.
    * perder la paciencia = lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * perder la pista de = lose + track of.
    * perder la presión = depressurise [depressurize, -USA].
    * perder la razón = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder las facultades = lose + Posesivo + faculties.
    * perder la sincronización = get out of + step.
    * perder las riendas = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy.
    * perder la timidez con = warm up to.
    * perder la vida = lose + Posesivo + life.
    * perder la virginidad = lose + Posesivo + virginity.
    * perder la visión = lose + Posesivo + sight.
    * perder la vista = become + blind.
    * perder la voz = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * perder los estribos = lose + Posesivo + cool, fly off + the handle, lose + Posesivo + head, go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * perder los nervios = lose + Posesivo + cool, fly off + the handle, lose + Posesivo + head.
    * perder los papeles = lose + control (of), lose + Posesivo + cool, lose + Posesivo + head, fly off + the handle, freak out, flip out.
    * perder nota = lose + marks.
    * perder para siempre = lose to + posterity.
    * perder peso = lose + weight.
    * perder poder = lose + power.
    * perder prestigio = lose + face.
    * perder propiedades = lose + property.
    * perder protagonismo = fade into + the background.
    * perderse = go astray, get + lost, lose + Posesivo + way, go + missing, miss out on, slip through + the cracks, get out of + Posesivo + depth, wander off + route, disorient, disorientate, wander off + track, lose + Posesivo + bearings.
    * perderse entre el gentío = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perderse entre la muchedumbre = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perderse entre la multitud = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perder sentido = lose + purpose.
    * perderse por = wander through.
    * perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.
    * perderse una clase = miss + class.
    * perder terreno = lose + ground.
    * perder tiempo = waste + time, lose + time.
    * perder (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.
    * perder una batalla = lose + battle.
    * perder una guerra = lose + war.
    * perder un amigo = lose + a friend.
    * perder una oportunidad = miss + opportunity, lose + opportunity, miss + chance, waste + opportunity.
    * perder una venta = lose + sale.
    * perder una votación = outvote.
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * perder un partido = lose + match.
    * perder valor = lose + Posesivo + value.
    * perder ventas = lose + sales.
    * perder vigor = run out of + steam, lose + steam.
    * perder vitalidad = run out of + steam.
    * por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * que no se puede uno perder = unmissable.
    * que pierde agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].
    * salir perdiendo = victimise [victimize, -USA], come off + worst, lose out, compare + unfavourably, lose + neck, be a little worse off.
    * salir sin ganar ni perder = break + even.
    * se pierda o se gane = win or lose.
    * sin perder de vista = with an eye on.
    * sin perder un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.
    * sin tiempo que perder = without a minute to spare.
    * tener todas las de perder = fight + a losing battle.
    * un arte que se está perdiendo = a dying art.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( extraviar) <llaves/documento/guante> to lose
    b) <señal/imagen/contacto> to lose
    3)
    a) <dinero/propiedad/cosecha> to lose

    con preguntar no se pierde nada — we've/you've nothing to lose by asking, there's no harm in asking

    más se perdió en la guerra — (fr hecha) it's not the end of the world

    b) <derecho/trabajo> to lose
    c) <brazo/sangre/vista> to lose

    perder la vida — to lose one's life, to perish; cabeza, vista II, III

    d) <hijo/marido> to lose
    4)
    a) <interés/entusiasmo/paciencia> to lose

    llegas tarde, para no perder la costumbre — (iró) you're late, just for a change (iro)

    perder la práctica/la costumbre — to get out of practice/the habit

    perder el conocimiento — to lose consciousness, to pass out

    b) <fuerza/intensidad/calor/altura> to lose

    perder el ritmo — (Mús) to lose the beat; ( en trabajo) to get out of the rhythm

    c) <peso/kilos> to lose
    5)
    a) <autobús/tren/avión> to miss
    b) <ocasión/oportunidad> to miss
    c) < tiempo> to waste
    6)
    a) <guerra/pleito/partido> to lose
    b) <curso/año> to fail; < examen> (Ur) to fail
    7) <agua/aceite/aire> to lose
    2.
    perder vi
    1) ( ser derrotado) to lose
    2)
    a) cafetera/tanque to leak
    b) (RPl) color ( aclararse) to fade
    3)

    echar(se) a perder ver echar I 1) a), echarse I 1) a)

    3.
    perderse v pron
    1)
    a) ( extraviarse) persona/objeto to get lost; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿y a tí que se te ha perdido por allí? — whatever possessed you to go there

    no hay por dónde perderse — (Chi fam) there's no question about it

    b) ( desaparecer) to disappear
    c) (en tema, conversación)

    empieza otra vez, ya me perdí — start again, you've lost me already

    2) <fiesta/película/espectáculo> to miss
    a) ( acabar mal) to get into trouble, lose one's way (liter)
    b) (Per fam) ( prostituirse) to go on the streets (colloq)
    * * *
    = lose, misplace, forfeit, mislay, lose out, miss, suffer + loss.

    Ex: One of the hardest tasks of a curator is to make a precis of the information about a particular object without losing any essential information.

    Ex: This article discusses the common abuses of circulation privileges by a few faculty members: removing books from the library without checking them out; misplacing books after they have been checked out; and failing to return books when needed by others = Este artículo analiza los abusos comunes de los privilegios de préstamo por parte de unos pocos profesores: coger libros de la biblioteca sin sacarlos en préstamo, perder libros tras haberlos sacados en préstamo y no dever libros cuando otros los necesitan.
    Ex: In addition, it enables the library to respond to the needs of the new popular culture without forfeiting its traditional cultural purpose.
    Ex: Workflow systems automate business processes, such as the management of a housing benefit claim, to ensure all tasks are completed on time and no information can be lost or mislaid.
    Ex: Libraries, in the crush to pay journal invoices, are losing out, as other services as well as staffing and pay all end up unfunded = Las bibliotecas, ante la presión de tener que pagar las facturas de las revistas, salen perdiendo ya que otros servicios así como el personal y los salarios terminanan todos con insuficientes fondos.
    Ex: Thus the browser may miss valuable items, although some browsers will find browsing a perfectly adequate method of gauging the extent of a library collection.
    Ex: They played their third game of the season today and suffered another loss but the team continues to improve.
    * echar a perder = ruin, bungle, bring out + the worst in, cast + a blight on, blight, go off.
    * echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.
    * echar + Posesivo + planes a perder = upset + Posesivo + plans.
    * ganar cuando todo parece estar perdido = victory from the jaws of defeat.
    * hacer perder el conocimiento = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * hacer perder el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + enthusiasm.
    * hacer perder el sentido a = make + nonsense of.
    * hacer perder la agilidad física = stale.
    * hacer perder la agilidad mental = stale.
    * hacer perder las esperanzas = dampen + Posesivo + hopes.
    * hacer que Alguien pierda el empleo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * hacer que pierda el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.
    * lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.
    * lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * ni ganar ni perder = break + even.
    * no perder de vista = keep + an eye on, keep + a beady eye on, keep in + sight.
    * no perder el ánimo = keep + Posesivo + chin up.
    * no perder el control = stay on top of, stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * no perder el trabajo = stay in + work.
    * no perder la cabeza = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no perder la calma = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * no perderse = keep on + the right track.
    * no perderse en/por = find + Posesivo + way round/through.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * no perderse nada = be no great loss.
    * no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.
    * perder agua = lose + water, leak.
    * perder Algo = take + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + hands.
    * perder confianza = lose + confidence (in).
    * perder contacto con la realidad = lose + touch with reality.
    * perder control = lose + control (of).
    * perder credibilidad = destroy + credence.
    * perder de vista = lose from + sight, drop from + sight, lose + sight of.
    * perder de vista el hecho de que = lose + sight of the fact that.
    * perder eficacia = lose + clout.
    * perder el alma = lose + Posesivo + soul.
    * perder el ánimo = lose + heart.
    * perder el apetito = lose + Posesivo + appetite.
    * perder el atractivo = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour.
    * perder el color = fade.
    * perder el conocimiento = lose + Posesivo + senses, pass out, lose + Posesivo + consciousness.
    * perder el contacto con = lose + touch with.
    * perder el control = slip beyond + the grasp of, lose + Posesivo + grip, run + amok, sweep + Nombre + off + Posesivo + feet, go to + pieces, go + wild.
    * perder el control de Algo = get out of + hand.
    * perder el control de la situación = things + get out of hand.
    * perder el culo = go into + raptures.
    * perder el encanto = lose + Posesivo + allure, lose + Posesivo + savour, lose + Posesivo + shine.
    * perder el entusiasmo = lose + heart.
    * perder el equilibrio = lose + Posesivo + balance.
    * perder el favor de = lose + popularity with.
    * perder el hábito = lose + the habit.
    * perder el hilo = lose + the plot, lose + the thread.
    * perder el interés = pall.
    * perder el juicio = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder el norte = be off course, fly off + course.
    * perder el pie = lose + Posesivo + footing.
    * perder el rumbo = be off course, fly off + course.
    * perder el sentido = faint, lose + Posesivo + senses, lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * perder el sentido del humor = lose + sense of humour.
    * perder el sueño por = lose + sleep over/on.
    * perder el tiempo = dawdle, mess around, pissing into the wind, mess about, faff (about/around), pootle, sit + idle, muck around/about, piddle around.
    * perder el tiempo, hacer esto y aquello de un modo relajado = piddle around.
    * perder el valor = lose + Posesivo + nerve.
    * perder entusiasmo = lose + enthusiasm.
    * perder esperanza = lose + hope.
    * perder fuerza = lose + power, lose + steam.
    * perder gas = lose + steam.
    * perder hasta la camisa = lose + Posesivo + shirt.
    * perder ímpetu = lose + momentum, run out of + steam, lose + impetus.
    * perder influencia = lose + clout.
    * perder interés = lapse, lose + interest.
    * perder la cabeza = lose + Posesivo + mind, lose + Posesivo + head, lose + Posesivo + marbles, go + bonkers, fly off + the handle, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go out of + Posesivo + mind, go + soft in the head.
    * perder la calma = blow + a fuse.
    * perder la chaveta = go + bonkers, go (right) off + Posesivo + rocker, go + berserk, go + postal, go + haywire.
    * perder la chaveta por = have + a crush on.
    * perder la compostura = lose + Posesivo + balance, break down + in disarray.
    * perder la conciencia = lose + Posesivo + consciousness, pass out.
    * perder la cordura = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder la credibilidad = lose + face.
    * perder la cuenta (de) = lose + count (of).
    * perder la esperanza = despair, throw in + the towel, give up + hope, throw in/up + the sponge.
    * perder la fe = lose + Posesivo + faith.
    * perder la identidad de uno = lose + Posesivo + identity.
    * perder la ilusión = lose + heart.
    * perder la motivación = lose + motivation.
    * perder la noción del tiempo = lose + track of time, lose + all notion of time, lose + all sense of time.
    * perder la oportunidad = miss + the boat.
    * perder la paciencia = lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * perder la pista de = lose + track of.
    * perder la presión = depressurise [depressurize, -USA].
    * perder la razón = lose + Posesivo + sanity.
    * perder las facultades = lose + Posesivo + faculties.
    * perder la sincronización = get out of + step.
    * perder las riendas = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy.
    * perder la timidez con = warm up to.
    * perder la vida = lose + Posesivo + life.
    * perder la virginidad = lose + Posesivo + virginity.
    * perder la visión = lose + Posesivo + sight.
    * perder la vista = become + blind.
    * perder la voz = lose + Posesivo + voice.
    * perder los estribos = lose + Posesivo + cool, fly off + the handle, lose + Posesivo + head, go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * perder los nervios = lose + Posesivo + cool, fly off + the handle, lose + Posesivo + head.
    * perder los papeles = lose + control (of), lose + Posesivo + cool, lose + Posesivo + head, fly off + the handle, freak out, flip out.
    * perder nota = lose + marks.
    * perder para siempre = lose to + posterity.
    * perder peso = lose + weight.
    * perder poder = lose + power.
    * perder prestigio = lose + face.
    * perder propiedades = lose + property.
    * perder protagonismo = fade into + the background.
    * perderse = go astray, get + lost, lose + Posesivo + way, go + missing, miss out on, slip through + the cracks, get out of + Posesivo + depth, wander off + route, disorient, disorientate, wander off + track, lose + Posesivo + bearings.
    * perderse entre el gentío = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perderse entre la muchedumbre = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perderse entre la multitud = lose + Reflexivo + amid the crowd.
    * perder sentido = lose + purpose.
    * perderse por = wander through.
    * perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.
    * perderse una clase = miss + class.
    * perder terreno = lose + ground.
    * perder tiempo = waste + time, lose + time.
    * perder (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.
    * perder una batalla = lose + battle.
    * perder una guerra = lose + war.
    * perder un amigo = lose + a friend.
    * perder una oportunidad = miss + opportunity, lose + opportunity, miss + chance, waste + opportunity.
    * perder una venta = lose + sale.
    * perder una votación = outvote.
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * perder un partido = lose + match.
    * perder valor = lose + Posesivo + value.
    * perder ventas = lose + sales.
    * perder vigor = run out of + steam, lose + steam.
    * perder vitalidad = run out of + steam.
    * por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * que no se puede uno perder = unmissable.
    * que pierde agua = leaking, leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup].
    * salir perdiendo = victimise [victimize, -USA], come off + worst, lose out, compare + unfavourably, lose + neck, be a little worse off.
    * salir sin ganar ni perder = break + even.
    * se pierda o se gane = win or lose.
    * sin perder de vista = with an eye on.
    * sin perder un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.
    * sin tiempo que perder = without a minute to spare.
    * tener todas las de perder = fight + a losing battle.
    * un arte que se está perdiendo = a dying art.

    * * *
    perder [E8 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (extraviar) ‹llaves/documento/guante› to lose
    he perdido su dirección I've lost her address
    perdió las tijeras y se pasó una hora buscándolas she mislaid o lost the scissors and spent an hour looking for them
    me perdiste la página you lost my place o page
    perdí a mi marido en la muchedumbre I lost my husband in the crowd
    no pierdas de vista al niño don't let the child out of your sight
    2 ‹señal/imagen/contacto› to lose
    hemos perdido el contacto con el avión we've lost contact with the plane
    B
    (ser la ruina de): lo perdió la curiosidad his curiosity was his undoing o his downfall
    C
    1 ‹dinero/propiedad/cosecha› to lose
    perdió mil pesos jugando al póker she lost a thousand pesos playing poker
    perdió una fortuna en ese negocio he lost a fortune in o on that deal
    con preguntar no se pierde nada we've/you've nothing to lose by asking, there's no harm in asking, we/you can but ask
    más se perdió en la guerra ( fr hecha); things could be worse!, worse things happen at sea, it's not the end of the world
    terreno2 (↑ terreno (2))
    2 ‹derecho/trabajo› to lose
    si te vas pierdes el lugar en la cola if you go away you lose your place in the line ( AmE) o ( BrE) queue
    3 ‹ojo/brazo› to lose; ‹vista/oído› to lose
    ha perdido mucho peso/mucha sangre she's lost a lot of weight/blood
    el susto le hizo perder el habla the fright rendered him speechless
    perder la vida to lose one's life, to perish
    4 ‹hijo/marido› to lose
    perder un niño or un bebé (en el embarazo) to lose a baby, to have a miscarriage
    D
    1 ‹interés/entusiasmo› to lose; ‹paciencia› to lose
    no hay que perder el ánimo you mustn't lose heart
    yo no pierdo las esperanzas I'm not giving up hope
    he perdido la costumbre de levantarme temprano I've got(ten) out of o I've lost the habit of getting up early
    llegas tarde, para no perder la costumbre ( iró); you're late, just for a change ( iro)
    trata de no perder la práctica try not to get out of practice
    tienes que perderles el miedo a los aviones you have to get over o to overcome your fear of flying
    perder el equilibrio to lose one's balance
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness, to pass out
    2 ‹fuerza/intensidad/calor› to lose
    el avión empezó a perder altura the plane began to lose height
    perder el ritmo ( Mús) to lose the beat
    estás trabajando muy bien, no pierdas el ritmo you're working well, keep it up!
    3 ‹peso/kilos› to lose
    E
    1 ‹autobús/tren/avión› to miss
    2 ‹ocasión› to miss
    sería tonto perder esta estupenda oportunidad it would be stupid to miss o to pass up this marvelous opportunity
    no pierde oportunidad de recordarnos cuánto le debemos he never misses a chance to remind us how much we owe him
    3 ‹tiempo›
    ¡no me hagas perder (el) tiempo! don't waste my time!
    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    no pierdas (el) tiempo, no lo vas a convencer don't waste your time, you're not going to convince him
    llámalo sin perder un minuto call him immediately
    perdimos dos días por lo de la huelga we lost two days because of the strike
    F
    1 ‹guerra/pleito› to lose; ‹partido› to lose
    2 ‹curso/año› to fail
    perder un examen (Ur); to fail an exam
    G ‹agua/aceite/aire› to lose
    el coche pierde aceite the car has an oil leak o is losing oil
    el globo perdía aire air was escaping from the balloon
    ■ perder
    vi
    A (ser derrotado) to lose
    perdimos por un punto we lost by one point
    no sabes perder you're a bad loser
    no discutas con él porque llevas las de perder don't argue with him because you'll lose
    la que sale perdiendo soy yo I lose out o come off worst
    B
    1 ( RPl) «cafetera/tanque» to leak
    2 «color» (aclararse) to fade; (tiñiendo otras prendas) to run
    C
    A
    1 (extraviarse) «persona/objeto» to get lost
    siempre me pierdo en esta ciudad I always get lost in this town
    no te pierdas, llámanos de vez en cuando don't lose touch, call us now and then
    (+ me/te/le etc): se le perdió el dinero he's lost the money
    guárdalo bien para que no se te pierda keep it safe so you don't lose it
    no hay por dónde perderse ( Chi fam); there's no question about it
    2 (desaparecer) to disappear
    se perdió entre la muchedumbre she disappeared into the crowd
    3
    (en un tema, una conversación): cuando se ponen a hablar rápido me pierdo when they start talking quickly I get lost
    me distraje un momento y me perdí my attention wandered for a moment and I lost the thread
    las cifras son tan enormes que uno se pierde the figures are so huge that they start to lose all meaning
    empieza otra vez, ya me perdí start again, you've lost me already
    4
    (en una prenda, un espacio): te pierdes en ese vestido you look lost in that dress
    los sillones quedan perdidos en ese salón tan grande the armchairs are rather lost in such a big sitting room
    B ‹fiesta/película/espectáculo› to miss
    no te perdiste nada you didn't miss anything
    te perdiste una excelente oportunidad de callarte la boca ( hum); you could have kept your big mouth shut ( colloq)
    C «persona»
    1 (acabar mal) to get into trouble, lose one's way ( liter)
    2 ( Per fam) (prostituirse) to go on the streets o the game ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    perder ( conjugate perder) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to lose;

    quiere perder peso he wants to lose weight;
    con preguntar no se pierde nada we've/you've nothing to lose by asking;
    perder la vida to lose one's life, to perish;
    See also→ cabeza 1 e, vista 2 3;
    yo no pierdo las esperanzas I'm not giving up hope;
    perder la práctica to get out of practice;
    perder el equilibrio to lose one's balance;
    perder el conocimiento to lose consciousness, to pass out;
    perder el ritmo (Mús) to lose the beat;

    ( en trabajo) to get out of the rhythm
    2
    a)autobús/tren/avión to miss

    b)ocasión/oportunidad to miss;


    c) tiempo to waste;

    ¡no me hagas perder (el) tiempo! don't waste my time!;

    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    3
    a)guerra/pleito/partido to lose

    b)curso/año to fail;

    examen› (Ur) to fail
    4agua/aceite/aire to lose
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( ser derrotado) to lose;

    no sabes perder you're a bad loser;
    llevar las de perder to be onto a loser;
    la que sale perdiendo soy yo I'm the one who loses out o comes off worst
    2 [cafetera/tanque] to leak
    3
    echar(se) a perder ver echar I 1a, echarse 1a

    perderse verbo pronominal
    1 [persona/objeto] to get lost;

    se le perdió el dinero he's lost the money;
    cuando se ponen a hablar rápido me pierdo when they start talking quickly I get lost
    2fiesta/película/espectáculo to miss
    perder
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un objeto) to lose
    2 (un medio de transporte) to miss
    3 (el tiempo) to waste
    4 (oportunidad) to miss ➣ Ver nota en miss
    5 (cualidad, costumbre, sentido) to lose: tienes que perder tus miedos, you have to overcome your fears
    6 (agua, aceite) to leak
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (disminuir una cualidad) to lose
    2 (estropear) to ruin, go off
    3 (en una competición, batalla) to lose
    ♦ Locuciones: echar (algo) a perder, to spoil (sthg)
    llevar las de perder, to be onto a loser
    ' perder' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adormecerse
    - aflojar
    - baño
    - borda
    - brújula
    - cabeza
    - cabo
    - clarear
    - conciencia
    - conocimiento
    - costumbre
    - cuenta
    - declinar
    - descuidarse
    - desesperarse
    - desfallecer
    - desgracia
    - desinflarse
    - desnaturalizar
    - despedirse
    - despintar
    - despistar
    - destinada
    - destinado
    - desvanecerse
    - deteriorarse
    - distraerse
    - don
    - enloquecer
    - estribo
    - facultad
    - flaquear
    - granizada
    - hilo
    - infortunio
    - innecesaria
    - innecesario
    - interés
    - joderse
    - juicio
    - llevar
    - norte
    - papel
    - pasarse
    - peso
    - razón
    - resbalar
    - rumbo
    - saber
    - sentida
    English:
    avoid
    - balance
    - black out
    - blow
    - boat
    - bound
    - break
    - bungle
    - cool
    - course
    - crush
    - danger
    - dawdle
    - decline
    - dignity
    - dilly-dally
    - erode
    - even
    - face
    - fade
    - fiddle around
    - flag
    - footing
    - forfeit
    - freak out
    - gamble away
    - gazump
    - ground
    - grow out of
    - handle
    - hang about
    - hang around
    - heart
    - keep
    - leak
    - lose
    - mislay
    - miss
    - muck about
    - muck around
    - muck up
    - pall
    - piece
    - pot
    - rack
    - rag
    - reason
    - rise
    - risk
    - shape
    * * *
    vt
    1. [extraviar] to lose;
    he perdido el paraguas I've lost my umbrella
    2. [dejar de tener] [dinero, amigo, empleo, interés] to lose;
    he perdido el contacto con ellos I've lost touch with them;
    la policía ha perdido la pista o [m5] el rastro de los secuestradores the police have lost track of the kidnappers;
    no sé nada de Ana, le he perdido la pista o [m5] el rastro I don't know anything about Ana, I've lost touch with her;
    el accidente le hizo perder la visión he lost his sight in the accident;
    ya hemos perdido toda esperanza de encontrarlo we've now given up o lost all hope of finding him;
    he perdido bastante práctica I'm rather out of practice;
    perder el equilibrio/la memoria to lose one's balance/memory;
    perder peso to lose weight;
    perder el miedo/el respeto a alguien to lose one's fear of/respect for sb;
    cientos de personas perdieron la vida hundreds of people lost their lives;
    no tienes/tiene/ etc[m5]. nada que perder you have/he has/ etc nothing to lose;
    Esp
    más se perdió en Cuba o [m5] en la guerra it's not as bad as all that, it's not the end of the world
    3. [ser derrotado en] [batalla, partido, campeonato, elecciones] to lose;
    este error podría hacerle perder el partido this mistake could lose her the game
    4. [desperdiciar] [tiempo] to waste;
    [oportunidad, ocasión] to miss;
    no pierdas el tiempo con o [m5] en tonterías don't waste your time on nonsense like that;
    he perdido toda la mañana en llamadas de teléfono I've wasted all morning making phone calls;
    no hay tiempo que perder there's no time to lose
    5. [no alcanzar] [tren, vuelo, autobús] to miss
    6. [tener un escape de] [agua] to lose, to leak;
    la bombona pierde aire air is escaping from the cylinder;
    ese camión va perdiendo aceite that truck o Br lorry is losing o leaking oil
    7. [perjudicar] to be the ruin of;
    le pierde su pasión por el juego his passion for gambling is ruining him
    8. Urug [examen] to fail
    vi
    1. [salir derrotado] to lose;
    perder al póquer/billar to lose at poker/billiards;
    perdimos (por) dos a cero we lost Br two-nil o US two-zero;
    no te pelees con él, que llevas las de perder don't get into a fight with him, you're bound to lose;
    sabe/no sabe perder he's a good/bad loser;
    salir perdiendo to lose out, to come off worse
    2. [empeorar] to go downhill;
    este restaurante ha perdido mucho this restaurant has really gone downhill;
    estas alfombras pierden bastante al lavarlas these rugs don't wash very well
    3. [tener un escape] [de agua, aceite] to have a leak;
    esa bombona pierde that gas cylinder is leaking;
    una de las ruedas pierde por la válvula the air's coming out of one of the tyres
    4. [en frases]
    echar algo a perder to spoil sth;
    echarse a perder [alimento] to spoil, Br to go off
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 objeto lose;
    ¡piérdete! get lost!;
    no tener nada que perder have nothing to lose
    2 tren, avión etc miss
    3 el tiempo waste
    II v/i lose;
    tener las de perder be at a disadvantage;
    salir perdiendo come off worst
    * * *
    perder {56} vt
    1) : to lose
    2) : to miss
    perdimos la oportunidad: we missed the opportunity
    3) : to waste (time)
    perder vi
    : to lose
    * * *
    perder vb
    1. (en general) to lose [pt. & pp. lost]
    2. (tren, avión, oportunidad, etc) to miss
    3. (tiempo) to waste
    4. (líquido, gas) to leak
    echar a perder algo to ruin something / to spoil something
    echarse a perder to go off / to go bad

    Spanish-English dictionary > perder

  • 11 सम्भूत


    sam-bhūta
    mfn. being orᅠ come together, united orᅠ combined with ( seeᅠ - tva);

    become, born, produced orᅠ arisen orᅠ proceeding from, made orᅠ composed of (abl. orᅠ comp.) Up. Mn. MBh. etc.;
    (ibc.) one in whom anything has arisen etc. i.e. provided with, possessed of etc. ( seeᅠ comp.);
    become orᅠ changed into anything (nom.) MBh. ;
    capable, adequate, equal W. ;
    m. N. of a son of Trasa-dasyu Hariv. VP. ;
    of a judge Buddh. ;
    - tva n. state of union orᅠ combination with (loc.;
    pañjasubhūteshusambhūta-tvaṉni-gam « to undergo union with the five elements» i.e. « to die») MBh. XIV, 174 ;
    - bhūri-gaja-viji-padāti-sainya mfn. possessed of an army (consisting) of numerous elephants andᅠ horses andᅠ foot-soldiers Kathās. ;
    - vijaya m. (= - ti-vijaya) HPariṡ. ;
    - saṉtrāsa mfn. seized with fear, afraid, alarmed Rājat.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सम्भूत

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 γίνομαι

    γίνομαι (in the form γίγνομαι [s. below] Hom.+; as γίν. since Aristot.+; and s. Kühner-Bl. II p. 391; Schwyzer I 215; KBrugmann4-AThumb, Griech. Gramm. 1913, 126; Mayser p. 165 and lit. there). Impf. ἐγινόμην; fut. γενήσομαι; 2 aor. ἐγενόμην, 3 sg. opt. γένοιτο; very rare v.l. (B-D-F §81, 3) γενάμενος (GJs 6:1; 16;1; 25:1 [s. deStrycker 249]; also found in Ps.-Callisth. 1, 20, 1; 1, 41, 11; ApcEsdr 1:3 p. 24, 7 Tdf.; Mel., P. 49, 346 [Bodm.]). Pass.: fut. ptc. τῶν γενηθησομένων (Eccl 1:11 v.l.); 1 aor. ἐγενήθην (Doric, H. Gk.; Phryn. 108 Lob.; pap fr. III B.C., Mayser I/22 ’38, 157f [w. lit.]; ins [Schweizer 181; Nachmanson 168; Thieme 13]; LXX), impv. γενηθήτω; pf. γεγένημαι (Meisterhans3-Schw.: Att. ins since 376 B.C.; Mayser 391) uncontested use in NT only J 2:9; GJs 24:3 (γεγένν-pap); apolog. On pf. γέγονα s. Meisterhans3-Schw.: since 464 B.C.; Mayser 372; on the aoristic use of γέγονα s. Mlt. 145f; 238; 239; PChantraine, Histoire du parfait grec 1927, 233–45; 3 pl. γέγοναν Ro 16:7 (v.l. γεγόνασιν) and Rv 21:6; s. KBuresch, Γέγοναν: RhM 46, 1891, 193ff; Mlt. 52 n.; ptc. γεγονώς; plpf. 3 sg. ἐγεγόνει (1 Macc. 4:27; 2 Macc. 13:17; J 6:17; Just.), without augment γεγόνει (Ac 4:22; v.l. ἐγεγόνει), s. B-D-F §78; Mlt-H. 190. On the variation γίνομαι and γίγνομαι s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108. A verb with numerous nuances relating to being and manner of being. Its contrast to the more static term εἰμί can be seen in Kaibel 595, 5 οὐκ ἤμην καὶ ἐγενόμην=I was not and then I came to be (cp. Ath. 4, 2 in 3 below).
    to come into being through process of birth or natural production, be born, be produced (SIG 1168, 6; Epict. 2, 17, 8; Wsd 7:3; Sir 44:9; Just., A I, 13, 3; Tat. 26, 2) J 8:58; w. ἔκ τινος foll. (Diod S 3, 64, 1; Appian, Basil. 5 §1; Parthenius 1, 4; Athen. 13, 37 p. 576c ἐξ ἑταίρας; PPetr III, 2, 20; PFlor 382, 38 ὁ ἐξ ἐμοῦ γενόμενος υἱός; 1 Esdr 4:16; Tob 8:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 216) Ro 1:3; Gal 4:4 (cp. 1QS 11:21). Also of plants 1 Cor 15:37. Of fruits ἔκ τινος be produced by a tree Mt 21:19 (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 13 ὁ ἐκ τ. χώρας γιγνόμενος σῖτος). W. ἀπό τινος foll. Ox 1081 (SJCh), 11 γε̣[ινόμε]νον, 14 γέγ[ονος], 14f γε[ι]νομεν[ον], 19 γέγονος.
    to come into existence, be made, be created, be manufactured, be performed
    gener. ὸ̔ γέγονεν J 1:3c (s. ref. to Vawter, below); w. διά τινος vs. 3a (MTeschendorf, D. Schöpfungsged. im NT: StKr 104, ’32, 337–72). W. χωρίς τινος vs. 3b (IAndrosIsis, Cyrene 15 [103 A.D.] Ἐμοῦ δὲ χωρὶς γείνετʼ οὐδὲν πώποτε; Cleanthes, Hymn to Zeus 15 [Stoic. I 537=Coll. Alex. no. 1 p. 227] οὐδέ τι γίγνεται ἔργον σοῦ δίχα; note the related style 1QH 1:20; on the syntax of J 1:3f see BVawter, CBQ 25, ’63, 401–6, who favors a full stop after οὐδὲ ἕν, s. εἷς 2b and lit. cited there on J 1:3). W. ἔκ τινος Hb 11:3. Of cult images διὰ χειρῶν γινόμενοι made w. hands Ac 19:26 (cp. PRyl 231, 3 [40 A.D.] τοὺς ἄρτους γενέσθαι). Of miracles: be done, take place (Tob 11:15; Wsd 19:13 v.l. Swete) Mt 11:20f, 23; Lk 10:13; Ac 8:13. ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν γεγόνει τὸ σημεῖον τοῦτο on whom this miracle had been performed 4:22. W. mention of the author διά τινος (cp. 4 Macc 17:11) 2:43; 4:16, 30; 12:9; 24:2. διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τινος Mk 6:2; Ac 14:3. ὑπό τινος (Herodian 8, 4, 2; OGI 168, 46 [115 B.C.] τὰ γεγονότα ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς φιλάνθρωπα; UPZ III, 3, 7 [116 B.C.]; PTebt 786, 14 [II B.C.]; Wsd 9:2; Jos., Ant. 8, 111; 347; Just., D. 35, 8 τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ [Jesus] καὶ νῦν γινομένων δυνάμεων) Lk 9:7 v.l.; 13:17; 23:8; Eph 5:12. Of commands, instructions be fulfilled, performed γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου thy will be done (Appian, Liby. 90 §423 τὸ πρόσταγμα δεῖ γενέσθαι; Syntipas p. 25, 3 γενέσθω τὸ αἴτημα) Mt 6:10; 26:42; Lk 11:2; cp. 22:42. γέγονεν ὸ̔ ἐπέταξας your order has been carried out 14:22. γενέσθαι τὸ αἴτημα αὐτῶν that their demand should be granted 23:24. Of institutions: be established, the Sabbath for the sake of humans Mk 2:27 (Crates, Ep. 24 οὐ γεγόνασιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τ. ἵππων χάριν, ἀλλʼ οἱ ἵπποι τ. ἀνθρώπων).
    w. mention of the special nature of an undertaking: ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί in order to have such action taken in my case 1 Cor 9:15. ἐν τῷ ξηρῷ τί γένηται; what will be done when it (the wood) is dry? Lk 23:31.
    come into being as an event or phenomenon from a point of origin, arise, come about, develop (Alcaeus 23 Diehl2 [320 L-P.] καί κʼ οὐδὲν ἐκ δένος γένοιτο=nothing could originate from nothing; Ath. 4:2 τὸ ὸ̓ν οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὸ̓ν)
    of events or phenomena in nature (Sir 40:10; Ex 10:22; Job 40:23; Jos., Ant. 9, 36): lightning, thunder (X., An. 3, 1, 11) J 12:29; Rv 8:5; 11:19; calm (on the sea) Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; Lk 8:24; storm Mk 4:37; a cloud (cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 36) 9:7; Lk 9:34; Hv 4, 3, 7; flood Lk 6:48; earthquake (Parian Marbles [III B.C.]=FGrH: 239B, 24) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Ac 16:26; Rv 6:12; 11:13; 16:18; darkness Mt 27:45; Mk 15:33; Lk 23:44; J 6:17; hail, fire Rv 8:7. Of a dawning day ὅτε δὲ ἡμέρα ἐγένετο (cp. περὶ ἀρχομένην ἡμέραν ‘about dawn’ Jos., Vi 15: in a related story of shipwreck) Ac 27:39.
    of other occurrences (Arrian, Anab. 4, 4, 3 τὰ ἱερὰ οὐκ ἐγίγνετο=the sacrifice did not turn out [favorably]; 1 Macc 1:25; 4:58; 9:27; 13:44; Jdth 7:29; 14:19 al.): complaining Ac 6:1; persecution, oppression Mt 13:21; 24:21; Mk 4:17; 13:19; Ac 11:19; discussion J 3:25; Ac 15:7; tumult Mt 26:5; 27:24; GJs 21:1 and 25:1; a sound Ac 2:2, 6; weeping 20:37; clamor 23:9; Mt 25:6; AcPl Ha 4, 6; famine Lk 4:25; 15:14; Ac 11:28; ὁρμή (q.v.) 14:5; war Rv 12:7; sharp contention Ac 15:39; tear (in a garment) Mt 9:16; Mk 2:21; Lk 6:49; silence (s. σιγή) Ac 21:40; Rv 8:1; στάσις (q.v. 2) Lk 23:19; Ac 15:2; 23:7, 10; concourse 21:30; confusion 19:23; shout, loud voice 2:6; 19:34; Rv 11:15; dispute Lk 22:24; envy, strife 1 Ti 6:4; astonishment AcPl Ha 4, 25; joy 6, 3; prayer 6, 7; offering 6, 37.
    of the various divisions of a day (Jdth 13:1; 1 Macc 5:30; 4 Macc 3:8 al.) γενομένης ἡμέρας when day came (Jos., Ant. 10, 202, Vi. 405) Lk 4:42; Ac 12:18; 16:35; 23:12; cp. Lk 6:13; 22:66; Ac 27:29, 33, 39. Difft. Mk 6:21 γενομένης ἡμέρας εὐκαίρου when a convenient/opportune day arrived. ὀψέ (cp. Gen 29:25; 1 Km 25:37) 11:19. ὀψίας γενομένης Mt 8:16; 14:15, 23; 16:2; 26:20; 27:57; Mk 1:32; 6:47; 14:17; 15:42; cp. J 6:16. πρωί̈ας Mt 27:1; J 21:4. νύξ Ac 27:27. ὥρας πολλῆς γενομένης when it had grown late Mk 6:35; cp. 15:33; Lk 22:14; Ac 26:4.
    to occur as process or result, happen, turn out, take place (Dicaearch., Fgm. 102 W.: a campaign ‘takes place’; Diod S 32 Fgm. 9c τὰς εἰς τ. πατέρα γεγενημένας ἁμαρτίας=the misdeeds ‘perpetrated’ against his father; 2 Macc 1:32; 13:17; 3 Macc 1:11; 4:12; 5:17 al.)
    gener. τοῦτο ὅλον γέγονεν all this took place w. ἵνα foll. Mt 1:22; 26:56. ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται until all has taken place (=is past) 5:18. πάντα τὰ γενόμενα everything that had happened (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 121 §508 τὰ γενόμενα; 1 Esdr 1:10; Jdth 15:1; 1 Macc 4:20; 2 Macc 10:21; 3 Macc 1:17) 18:31; cp. 21:21; 24:6, 20, 34; 26:54; 27:54; 28:11; Mk 5:14. ἴδωμεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονός let us see this thing that has taken place Lk 2:15 (TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 15 [Stone p. 40]) θανάτου γενομένου since a death has occurred, i.e. since he has died Hb 9:15. τούτου γενομένου after this had happened (Jos., Ant. 9, 56; 129) Ac 28:9. τὸ γεγονός what had happened (Diod S 12, 49, 4; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 18 §496; Jos., Ant. 14, 292) Lk 8:34; 24:12. τὰ γεγονότα AcPl Ha 11, 1.—μὴ γένοιτο strong negation, in Paul only after rhet. questions (cp. TestJob 38:1; JosAs 25:8; Epict., index p. 540e; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 1, 2, Dial. Meretr. 13, 4; Achilles Tat. 5, 18, 4; Aristaen., Ep. 1, 27) by no means, far from it, God forbid (Goodsp., Probs., 88; AMalherbe, HTR 73, ’80, 231–41) Lk 20:16; Ro 3:4, 6, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Cor 6:15; Gal 2:17; 3:21. In more extensive phrasing (the LXX has exx. only of this usage: Gen 44:17; 3 Km 20:3 al.; cp. Josh 22:29; Demosth. 10, 27; Alciphron 2, 5, 3 al.; Ael. Aristid. 23, 80 K.=42 p. 795 D.; 30 p. 578 D.; 54 p. 679 ὸ̔ μὴ γένοιτο) Gal 6:14; w. ἵνα foll. AcPl Ha 7, 40. τί γέγονεν ὅτι (cp. Eccl 7:10) why is it that J 14:22.—Of festivals: be held, take place, come (X., Hell. 7, 4, 28 τὰ Ὀλύμπια; 4, 5, 1; 4 Km 23:22f; 2 Macc 6:7) feast of dedication J 10:22; passover Mt 26:2; sabbath Mk 6:2; wedding J 2:1.—Abs. impv. (put twice for emphasis as Lucian, Pisc. 1 βάλλε, βάλλε; Philostrat., Ep. 35, 1 λάβε λάβε; Procop. Soph., Ep. 45) γενηθήτω γενηθήτω so let it be as a closing formula 1 Cor 16:24 v.l. (cp. Herodas 4, 85, where the sacristan closes his prayer to Asclepius with the words: ὧδε ταῦτʼ εἴη=so may it be).—On γένοιτο ἀμήν GJs 6:2 s. ἀμήν 1a.
    w. dat. of pers. affected
    α. w. inf. foll. (UPZ 24, 29 al.; 1 Macc 13:5; Jos., Ant. 6, 232) ὅπως μὴ γένηται αὐτῷ χρονοτριβῆσαι so that he would not have to lose time Ac 20:16.
    β. w. adv. or adv. phrase added (1 Esdr 6:33) κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν γενηθήτω ὑμῖν according to your faith let it be done to you, i.e. you believe, and you won’t be disappointed Mt 9:29; cp. 8:13. γένοιτό μοι κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου may that happen to me as you have said Lk 1:38. πῶς ἐγένετο τῷ δαιμονιζομένῳ what had happened to the possessed man Mk 5:16. ἵνα εὖ σοι γένηται that it may be well w. you Eph 6:3 (Dt 5:16; cp. Epict. 2, 5, 29 εὖ σοι γένοιτο; Aelian, VH 9, 36). γενηθήτω σοι ὡς θέλεις let it be done for you as you desire, i.e. your wish is granted Mt 15:28.
    γ. w. nom. of thing (1 Macc 4:25; Sir 51:17; Ar. 15:5) γίνεταί τινί τι someth. happens to or befalls a person Mk 9:21. ἵνα μὴ χεῖρόν σοί τι γένηται lest someth. worse come upon you J 5:14. τί ἐγένετο αὐτῷ what has happened to him Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1, 23; AcPl Ha 5, 20). τὸ γεγενημένον αὐτῷ Ac 3:10 D. ἐγίνετο πάσῃ ψυχῄ φόβος fear came upon everyone (cp. Tob 11:18) 2:43. λύπη AcPl Ha 6, 16. Freq. γέγονε ἐμοί τι someth. has come to me= I have someth.: πώρωσις τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γέγονεν a hardening (of heart) has befallen Israel Ro 11:25; σωτηρία τῷ Ἰσραὴλ γεγένηται GJs 19:2; cp. Lk 19:9; διὰ τὴν ὀπτασίαν τὴν γενομένην Παύλῳ AcPl Ha 3, 15; ἐὰν γένηταί τινι ἀνθρώπῳ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα if a man has a hundred sheep Mt 18:12. τοῖς ἔξω ἐν παραβολαῖς τὰ πάντα γίνεται those outside receive everything in parables Mk 4:11. μήποτε γένηται ἀνταπόδομά σοι that you may receive no repayment Lk 14:12; cp. 19:9; J 15:7; 1 Cor 4:5.
    w. gen. of pers. (Diod S 16, 64, 2 τὸν τῆς Ἑλένης γεγενημένον ὅρμον=the necklace that had belonged to Helen): ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν the kingdom of the world has come into the possession of our Lord Rv 11:15.
    γίνεταί τι ἐπί τινι someth. happens in the case of or to a person Mk 5:33 v.l.; ἐν v.l. This can also be expressed w. εἴς τινα Ac 28:6 or the double nom. τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο what had become of Peter 12:18 (cp. Jos., Vi. 296 οἱ εἴκοσι χρυσοῖ τὶ γεγόνασιν).
    w. inf. foll., to emphasize the actual occurrence of the action denoted by the verb: ἐὰν γένηται εὑρεῖν αὐτό if it comes about that he finds it= if he actually finds it Mt 18:13 (s. PCatt V, 19f [=Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 V] ἐὰν γένηταί με ἀποδημεῖν; PAmh 135, 10; BGU 970, 5). ἐγένετο αὐτὸν παραπορεύεσθαι he happened to be passing Mk 2:23; cp. Lk 6:1, 6. ἐγένετο ἀνεῳχθῆναι τὸν οὐρανόν just then the heaven opened Lk 3:21; cp. 16:22 (ἐν τῷ ἀποθανεῖν P75); Ac 4:5; 9:3, 32, 37, 43; 11:26; 14:1; 16:16; 19:1; 21:1, 5; 22:6, 17; 27:44; 28:8 (UPZ 62, 29 [161 B.C.] γίνεται γὰρ ἐντραπῆναι).
    καὶ ἐγένετο (ἐγένετο δέ) periphrastic like וַיְהִי with וַ foll. to indicate the progress of the narrative; it is followed either by a conjunction like ὅτε, ὡς etc., or a gen. abs., or a prepositional constr., and joined to it is a finite verb w. καί (Jdth 5:22; 10:1; Sus 19 Theod.; 1 Macc 1:1; 5:1; Gen 39:7, 13, 19; 42:35; JosAs 11:1; 22:1; AscIs 3:2) Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15 v.l.; Lk 2:15; 5:1, 12, 17; 8:1, 22; 14:1.—Without the second καί (Jdth 2:4; 12:10; 13:12; 1 Macc 6:8; 7:2 v.l.; 9:23; Sus 28 Theod.; Bel 18 Theod.; TestAbr B 1 p. 105, 1 [Stone p. 58] and 6 p. 109, 27 [Stone p. 66]; TestJob 31:1; JosAs 1:1; 3:1) Mt 7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 1:9; 4:4; Lk 1:8, 23, 41, 59; 2:1, 6, 46; 6:12 al. At times it is followed by an inf. The phrase is usually omitted in translation; older versions transl. it came to pass.—Mlt. 16f; MJohannessohn, Das bibl. καὶ ἐγένετο u. s. Geschichte: ZVS 53, 1926, 161–212 (LXX); s. MDibelius, Gnomon 3, 1927, 446–50; HPernot, Études sur la langue des Évangiles 1927, 189–99; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 29–62; JReiling, BT 16, ’65, 153–63; EDelebecque, Études grecques sur l’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65.
    to experience a change in nature and so indicate entry into a new condition, become someth.
    w. nouns (Lamellae Aur. Orphicae ed. AOlivieri 1915, p. 16, 5 θεὸς ἐγένου ἐξ ἀνθρώπου [IV/III]; Arrian, Anab. 5, 26, 5; Sir 51:2; 1 Esdr 4:26; Wsd 8:2; 4 Macc 16:6; En 103:11; Tat. 19, 2 τοῦ θανάτου καταφρονηταὶ γίνεσθε): ὅπως γένησθε υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν that you may become sons of your father Mt 5:45; ποιήσω ὑμᾶς γενέσθαι ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων I will turn you into fishers of people Mk 1:17; a traitor Lk 6:16; friends 23:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 121); children of God J 1:12; children of light 12:36; a Christian Ac 26:29; apostle AcPlCor 2:4; a father Ro 4:18; a fool 1 Cor 3:18; a spectacle 4:9; a man, an adult 13:11 (Tob 1:9); a curse Gal 3:13. οὐχ ἑαυτὸν ἐδόξασεν γενηθῆναι ἀρχιερέα he did not exalt himself to be made high priest Hb 5:5; ἐγένετο ἀντὶ αὐτοῦ Σαμουήλ Samuel became (high priest) in his place GJs 10:2. W. double nom. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 3, 15 δράκων λίθος ἐγένετο; Quint. Smyrn. 12, 507; Bel 28; 4 Macc 18:7) οἱ λίθοι ἄρτοι γίνονται the stones turn into loaves Mt 4:3. τὸ αἵμα αὐτοῦ λίθον γεγενημένον GJs 24:3. ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (the reverse PBerl 13044, col. III, 28ff [UWilcken, SBBerlAk 1923, 161f] τί ποιῶν ἄν τις γένοιτο θεός;). τὸ ὕδωρ γενήσεται πηγή 4:14. ἡ περιτομὴ ἀκροβυστία γέγονεν Ro 2:25. ἐγενόμην ἐγὼ διάκονος I became a courier Col 1:23 (cp. Herodian 2, 6, 8 ἀνὴρ ἔπαρχος γενόμενος).—Also γ. εἴς τι (Menand., Peric. 49f Kö. [169f S.] τὸ κακὸν εἰς ἀγαθὸν ῥέπει γινόμενον; 1 Km 4:9; Jdth 5:18; 1 Macc 2:11, 43; 3:58; En 19:2 al.; B-D-F §145, 1): ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον it became a tree Lk 13:19; εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk 20:17; Ac 4:11; 1 Pt 2:7 (all in ref. to Ps 117:22); εἰς χαρὰν γ. change (or, turn) into joy J 16:20. εἰς οὐδέν come to nothing Ac 5:36. εἰς παγίδα Ro 11:9 (Ps 68:23); εἰς κενὸν γ. be done in vain 1 Th 3:5. εἰς ἄψινθον Rv 8:11. Cp. AcPl Ha 6, 6. Also w. γίνεσθαι omitted: εἰς κατάκριμα (sc. ἐγένετο τὸ κρίμα) Ro 5:18.
    used w. an adj. to paraphrase the passive (Jdth 11:11; 1 Esdr 7:3; 2 Macc 3:34; Sus 64 Theod.; En 103:9; Ath. 37, 1 πάντων ὑποχειρίων γιγνομένων): ἁπαλὸν γ. become tender Mt 24:32; Mk 13:28; ἀπειθῆ γ. Ac 26:19; ἀποσυνάγωγον γ. be expelled fr. the synagogue J 12:42; ἄφαντον γ. disappear Lk 24:31; σκωληκόβρωτον γ. be eaten by worms Ac 12:23; γνωστόν, φανερὸν γ. become known (Just., A I, 63, 6) Mk 6:14; Ac 1:19; 9:42; 19:17; 1 Cor 3:13; 14:25; Phil 1:13; δόκιμον γ. pass the test Js 1:12; ἑδραῖον γ. 1 Cor 15:58; ἔκδηλον γ. 2 Ti 3:9; AcPlCor 1:16; ἔξυπνον γ. Ac 16:27 (1 Esdr 3:3=Jos., Ant. 11:34); s. ἀπόπληκτος, ἐλεύθερος, ἐμφανής, ἔμφοβος, ἐνεργής, ἔντρομος, καθαρός, μέγας, περιδάκρυτος, περικρατής, πλήρης, πρηνής, τυφλός, ὑγιής, ὑπήκοος, ὑπόδικος, φανερός 1.
    w. ἐν of a state of being (Stoic. III 221, 16; Diod S 20, 62, 4 ἐν ἀνέσει γ.; Plut., Tit. Flam. 378 [16, 1] ἐν ὀργῇ γ.; Lucian, Tim. 28; PPetr II, 20; III, 12 [252 B.C.] ἐν ἐπισχέσει γ.; BGU 5 II, 19 ἐν νόσῳ; POxy 471 IV, 77f; 4 Km 9:20; 1 Macc 1:27 v.l.; Sus 8 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 320, Ant. 16, 372; Mel., P. 18 ἐν πόνοις … ἐν πληγαῖς etc.) ἐν ἀγωνίᾳ Lk 22:44. ἐν ἐκστάσει Ac 22:17. ἐν πνεύματι under the Spirit’s influence Rv 1:10; 4:2; AcPl Ha 6, 28. ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων be like human beings Phil 2:7. ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ, φόβῳ, τρόμῳ 1 Cor 2:3. ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:7. ἐν ἑαυτῷ γ. come to one’s senses (Soph., Phil. 950; X., An. 1, 5, 17; Polyb. 1, 49, 8; Chariton 3, 9, 11) Ac 12:11; γ. ἐν Χριστῷ be a Christian Ro 16:7. Cp. 7 below.
    to make a change of location in space, move
    εἴς τι (Hdt. 5, 87 al.; Philo, Op. M. 86; 2 Macc 1:13; also ἐν: Just., A II, 9, 3 ἐγενόμεθα ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ τόπω): εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα γ. (Jos., Ant. 10, 42) Ac 20:16; 21:17; 25:15. εἰς τὸν ἀγρόν Hv 3, 1, 4. Of a voice: ἐγένετο εἰς τὰ ὦτά μου reached my ear Lk 1:44. Fig. (cp. Bar 4:28) of Abraham’s blessing εἰς τὰ ἔθνη come to the Gentiles Gal 3:14; cp. 2 Cor 8:14 (s. περίσσευμα 1, ὑστέρημα 1).
    ἔκ τινος (Job 28:2): γ. ἐκ μέσου be removed, Lat. e medio tolli (cp. Ps.-Aeschin., Ep. 12, 6 ἐκ μέσου γενομένων ἐκείνων; Plut., Timol. 238 [5, 3]; Achilles Tat. 2, 27, 2) 2 Th 2:7 (HFulford, ET 23, 1912, 40f: ‘leave the scene’). Of a voice fr. heaven: ἐκ τ. οὐρανῶν γ. sound forth fr. heaven (2 Macc 2:21; cp. Da 4:31 Theod.) Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; 9:35; cp. vs. 36.
    ἐπί τι: ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον go to the tomb Lk 24:22; ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀναβαθμούς when he was at the steps Ac 21:35. Of fear that befalls someone (2 Macc 12:22) Lk 1:65; 4:36; Ac 5:5. Of ulcers: break out on someone Rv 16:2 (Ex 9:10f). Of divine commands: go out to someone Lk 3:2. ἐπί is somet. used w. the gen. (Appian, Liby. 93 §440; Alex. Aphr., Mixt. II 2 p. 213, 21) instead of the acc.: γενόμενος ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου when he had arrived at the place 22:40 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 327, 18 ἐπὶ τ. τόπων γινόμενος).—J 6:21.
    w. κατά and gen. of place: τὸ γενόμενον ῥῆμα καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας the message that has spread throughout all Judea Ac 10:37. W. acc. of place (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 15; Apollon. Paradox. 3 κατὰ τόπους γ.; Jos., Ant. I, 174; cp. 2 Macc 9:8): γενόμενος κατὰ τὸν τόπον Lk 10:32; γενόμενοι κατὰ τὴν Κνίδον Ac 27:7.
    w. πρός and acc. of the direction and goal (PLond III, 962, 1 p. 210 [III A.D.] γενοῦ πρὸς Ἄταϊν τὸν ποιμένα; PFlor 180, 45) 1 Cor 2:3; 2J 12. Of divine instructions be given to someone (Gen 15:1, 4; Jer 1:2, 11; 13:8; Ezk 6:1; Hos 1:1; cp. ἐπί w. acc.) J 10:35; Ac 7:31 v.l.; 10:13; 13:32.
    w. σύν and the dat. join someone (X., Cyr. 5, 3, 8; 2 Macc 13:13) Lk 2:13.
    w. ἐγγύς (X., An. 1, 8, 8, Cyr. 7, 1, 7; cp. γίν. πλησίον Philo, Mos. 1, 228; Jos., Ant. 4, 40): ἐγγὺς τοῦ πλοίου γίνεσθαι come close to the boat J 6:19. Fig. of the relation of believers to Christ: come near Eph 2:13.
    w. ὧδε come here J 6:25;
    ἔμπροσθέν τινος γ. J 1:15, 30 s. on ἔμπροσθεν 1bζ and ὀπίσω 2b.
    to come into a certain state or possess certain characteristics, to be, prove to be, turn out to be (on relation to the forms of εἰμί [here and in 8–10] s. ALink, StKr 69, 1896, 420ff). Used w. the nom. (Wsd 16:3; Jdth 16:21; Sir 31:22; 1 Macc 3:58) γίνεσθε φρόνιμοι be prudent Mt 10:16. ἄκαρπος γίνεται 13:22; Mk 4:19.—W. other words: vs. 22; 9:50; Lk 1:2; 2:2; 6:36 and very oft. Freq. the dat. of advantage (dat. commodi) is added (1 Macc 10:47; 2 Macc 7:37; 4 Macc 6:28; 12:17): ἀγαπητόν τινι γ. be dear to someone 1 Th 2:8. ἀπρόσκοπον γ. τινι be inoffensive to someone 1 Cor 10:32; γ. τινι μαθητήν J 15:8; μισθαποδότην γ. τινι be a rewarder of someone Hb 11:6; γ. ὁδηγόν τινι Ac 1:16. Cp. παρηγορία, σημεῖον, τύπος.—γ. ὁμοθυμαδόν come together in unanimity or reach unanimity Ac 15:25.—τὶ γίνεταί τινί τι a thing results in someth. for someone τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐμοὶ ἐγ. θάνατος; Ro 7:13. ἡ ἐξουσία πρόσκομμα τοῖς ἀσθενέσιν 1 Cor 8:9.—γίνομαι ὡς, ὥσπερ, ὡσεί τις (Ps 21:15; 31:9; 37:15; 82:11; 87:5 al.) be, become, show oneself like Mt 6:16; 10:25; 18:3; 28:4; Lk 22:26, 44; 1 Cor 4:13; 9:20f; Gal 4:12. καθὼς ἐγένετο … οὕτως ἔσται as it was … so it will be Lk 17:26, 28. οὐ χρὴ ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι this should not be so Js 3:10. ὁσίως καὶ δικαίως καὶ ἀμέμπτως ὑμῖν ἐγενήθημεν we proved/showed ourselves … toward you 1 Th 2:10.—In statements pert. to age (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 16 γεγονότα [sc. τὸν Πυθαγόραν] ἐτῶν τεσσαράκοντα; Demetr. of Phaleron [IV–III B.C.], Fgm. 153 Wehrli [’49]; Demetr: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 10, 50) ἐτῶν δώδεκα Lk 2:42; cp. 1 Ti 5:9.—Here prob. also belongs ἐγένετο γνώμης he decided Ac 20:3 (cp. Plut., Phoc. 752 [23, 4] ἐλπίδος μεγάλης γ.; Cass. Dio 61, 14 τ. ἐπιθυμίας γ.; Jos., Bell. 6, 287).
    to be present at a given time, be there ([Ps.-]Jos., Ant. 18, 63) Mk 1:4; J 1:6, hence exist (Diod S 3, 52, 4 γέγονε γένη γυναικῶν=there have been nations of women; Appian, Maced. 18 §3 τὸ χρυσίον τὸ γιγνόμενον=the gold that was at hand; Bar 3:26; 2 Macc 10:24) Ro 11:5; 1J 2:18. ἐγένετο there lived Lk 1:5. ἔν τινι 2 Pt 2:1. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς Rv 16:18 (Da 12:1 Theod.).
    to be closely related to someone or someth., belong to
    gen. of the possessor (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 79 §336 a slave γεγένητο Πομπηίου=had belonged to Pompey: B-D-F §162, 7) belong to someone Lk 20:14, 33 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 83 §350 γυνὴ Κράσσου γεγενημένη=who had been the wife of [the younger] Crassus).
    w. dat. of pers. belong to someone (PPetr II, 40b, 7 [277 B.C.]; O. Wilck II, 1530, 2f [120 B.C.] τὸ γινόμενόν μοι=what belongs to me) of a woman ἀνδρὶ ἑτέρῳ Ro 7:3f (cp. Ruth 1:12f; Dt 24:2).
    w. prep. μετά τινος (Josh 2:19) Ac 9:19; 20:18. οἱ μετʼ αὐτοῦ γενόμενοι his intimate friends Mk 16:10. πρός τινα be w. someone 1 Cor 16:10 ( make him [Timothy] feel quite at home with you Mft.) ὑπό τινα be under the authority of someone or someth. (1 Macc 10:38) Gal 4:4.
    Here perh. belongs ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται it is not a matter of private interpretation 2 Pt 1:20.
    to be in or at a place, be in, be there
    ἔν τινι to designate one’s present or future place of residence (X., An. 4, 3, 29; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 4 §15 Ἀντώνιος ἐν Ἐφέσῳ γενόμενος; Aelian, VH 4, 15; Herodian 2, 2, 5; POxy 283, 11; 709, 6 ἐν Μένφει γενόμενος; PTebt 416, 3; BGU 731 II, 6 ἐν οἰκίᾳ μου; Num 11:35; Judg 17:4; 1 Ch 14:17; Jdth 5:7 al. Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 18 Jac.) Mt 26:6; Mk 9:33; Ac 7:38; 13:5; 2 Ti 1:17; Rv 1:9; AcPl Ha 7, 23.
    w. adv.: ἐκεῖ (X., An. 6, 5, 20; 3 Km 8:8 v.l.; Jos., Ant. 10, 180) Ac 19:21. κατὰ μόνας Mk 4:10.—B. 637. DELG s.v. γίγνομαι. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > γίνομαι

  • 14 भू


    bhū
    1) cl. 1. P. Dhātup. I, 1 bhávati (rarely Ā. - te;

    pf. babhū́va, 2. pers. -ū́tha orᅠ - ūvitha cf. Pāṇ. 7-2, 64 ;
    babhūyās, -yā́r, babhūtu RV. ;
    Ā. babhūve orᅠ bubhūve Vop. ;
    cf. below;
    aor. ábhūt, - ūvan;
    Impv. bodhí <cf. budh>, bhūtu RV. ;
    aor. orᅠ impf. ábhuvat, bhúvat, bhuvāni ib. ;
    Prec. bhūyāsam, 2. 3. sg. - yās ib. 76, 2 ;
    bhūyāt AV. ;
    bhūyishṭhās BhP. ;
    bhavishāt <?> AitBr. ;
    abhavishta, bhavishīshta. Gr.;
    fut. bhavishyáti, ep. alsoᅠ - te andᅠ 2. pl. - shyadhvam;
    bhavitā Br. etc.;
    inf. bhuvé, - bhvé, bhūsháṇi RV. ;
    bhavitum, - tos Br. ;
    ind. p. bhūtvā́;
    bhūtvī́ RV. ;
    -bhū́ya RV. etc.;
    -bhū́yam, - bhávam Br.),
    to become, be
    (with nom., orᅠ adv. orᅠ indecl. words ending in ī orᅠ ū
    cf. kṛishṇī-bhū etc.),
    arise, come into being, exist, be found, live, stay, abide, happen, occur RV. etc. etc.
    (often used with participles andᅠ other verbal nouns to make periphrastical verbal forms;
    with a fut. p. = to be going orᅠ about to e.g.. anuvakshyanbhavati, he is going to recite ṠBr. ;
    the fut. of bhū with a pf. p. = a fut. pf. e.g.. kṛitavānbhavishyasi, you will have done MBh. ;
    the pf. P. babhūva after the syllable ām is put for the pf. of verbs of the 10. cl. etc. <cf. 1. as andᅠ 1. kṛi>;
    the Ā. appears in this meaning Ṡiṡ. IX, 84 Kum. XIV. 46 ;
    observe alsoᅠ bhavati with a fut. tense, it is possible that, e.g.. bhavatibhavānyājayishyati, it is possible that you will cause a sacrifice to be performed Pāṇ. 3-3, 146 Sch. ;
    bhavet, may be, granted, admitted Kāṡ. on P. III, 2. 114 ;
    bhavatu id., well, good, enough of this Kāv. Hit. ;
    iticedbhavet, if this question should be asked Mn. X, 66 ;
    kvatadbhavati, what is to become of this, it is quite useless TBr. ;
    with na = to cease to exist, perish, die MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    with ihana, not to be born on earth MBh. ;
    with ṡata-dhā, to fall into a hundred pieces MBh. ;
    with dūrataḥ, to keep aloof. ṠārṇgP. ;
    with manasi orᅠ cetasi andᅠ gen., to occur to the mind of any one Kād. ;
    id. with gen. alone Lalit.);
    to fall to the share orᅠ become the property of, belong to (cf. « esse alicujus;»
    with gen., rarely dat. orᅠ loc. accord. toᅠ Vop. alsoᅠ with pari orᅠ prati andᅠ preceding acc.) RV. etc. etc.;
    to be on the side of, assist (with gen. orᅠ - tas) MBh. 1301 (cf. Pāṇ. 5-4, 48 Sch.);
    to serve for, tend orᅠ conduce to (with dat. of thing) RV. etc. etc. (with phalāya. to bear fruit Kām.);
    to be occupied with orᅠ engaged in, devote one's self to (with loc.) MBh. Kāv. ;
    to thrive orᅠ prosper in (instr.), turn out well, succeed RV. TS. Br. ;
    to be of consequence orᅠ useful Mn. III, 181 ;
    ( alsoᅠ Ā. Dhātup. XXXIV, 37)
    to fall, orᅠ get into, attain to, obtain Br. MBh. ;
    (with idám) to obtain it i.e. be successful orᅠ fortunate TS.:
    Pass. bhūyate ( orᅠ - ti Up. ;
    aor. abhāvi) sometimes used impers. e.g.. yairbhavishyate, by whom it will be existed i.e. who will be Rājat.:
    Caus. bhāvayati (rarely - te;
    aor. abībhavat Gr.;
    inf. bhāvitum R. ;
    Pass. bhāvyate etc. MBh.), to cause to be orᅠ become, call into existence orᅠ life, originate, produce, cause, create Pur. Sāh. ;
    to cherish, foster, animate, enliven, refresh, encourage, promote, further AitUp. MBh. etc.. ;
    to addict orᅠ devote one's self to, practise (acc.) MBh. HYog. ;
    to subdue, control R. ;
    ( alsoᅠ Ā. Dhātup. XXXIV, 37)
    to obtain Jaim. Sch. ;
    to manifest, exhibit, show, betray MBh. Kām. Daṡ. ;
    to purify BhP. ;
    to present to the mind, think about, consider, know, recognize as orᅠ take for (two acc.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    to mingle, mix, saturate, soak, perfume Kauṡ. Suṡr. (cf. bhāvita):
    Desid., of Caus. bibhāvayishati (Pāṇ. 7-4, 80 Sch.), to wish to cause to be etc. Br.:
    Desid. búbhūshati (- te), to wish orᅠ strive to become orᅠ be RV. etc. etc.;
    (with kshipram), to strive to be quickly possessed MBh. ;
    to want to get on, strive to prosper orᅠ succeed TS. Br. MBh. ;
    to want to have, care for, strive after, esteem, honour MBh. Hariv. ;
    to want to take revenge BhP.:
    Intens., bóbhavīti, bobhavati, bobhoti, bibhūyate, to be frequently, to be in the habit of BhP. Bhaṭṭ. ;
    to be transformed into (acc.) RV. AV. ;
    (with tiraḥ), to keep anything (instr.) secret ṠBr. ;
    + Cf. Zd. ;
    Gk. φύω, ἔφυν;
    Lat. fuit, fuat etc.;
    Slav. byti;
    Lith. búti;
    Germ. bim, bim;
    Angl. Sax. beó;
    Eng. be
    bhū́
    2) mfn. becoming, being, existing, springing, arising (ifc.;

    cf. akshi-, giri-, citta-, padmabhū etc.);
    m. N. of Vishṇu MBh. XII, 1509 ( Nīlak.);
    of an Ekâha ṠrS. ;
    f. the act of becoming orᅠ arising Pāṇ. 1-4, 31 ;
    the place of being, space, world orᅠ universe ( alsoᅠ pl.) RV. AV. ;
    the earth (as constituting one of the 3 worlds, andᅠ therefore a symbolical N. for the number « one») Mn. MBh. etc.;
    one of the three Vyāhṛitis ( seeᅠ bhúvas, bhūr, pp. 760 andᅠ 763);
    earth (as a substance), ground, soil, land, lauded property ib. ;
    floor, pavement Megh. ;
    a place, spot, piece of ground RV. etc. etc.;
    the base of any geometrical figure Āryabh. ;
    object, matter ( seeᅠ vivādasaṉvāda-bhū);
    a term for the letter l RāmatUp. ;
    a sacrificial fire L.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > भू

  • 15 दुर् _dur

    दुर् ind. (A prefix substituted for दुस् before words beginning with vowels or soft consonants in the sense of 'bad'. 'hard' or 'difficult to do a certain thing'; for compounds with दुस् as first member see दुस् s. v.).
    -Comp. -अक्ष a.
    1 weak-eyed.
    -2 evileyed.
    (-क्षः) 1 a loaded or false die.
    -2 dishonest gambling.
    -अक्षरम् an evil word; श्रुतिं ममाविश्य भवद्दुरक्षरं सृजत्यदः कीटकवदुत्कटा रुजः N.9.63.
    -अतिक्रम a. difficult to be overcome or conquered, unconquerable; सर्वं तु तपसा साध्यं तपो हि दुरति- क्रमम् Ms.11.2.38; स्वभावो दुरतिक्रमः 'nature cannot be changed'; स्वजातिर्दुरतिक्रमा Pt.1.
    -2 insurmountable, impassable; B. R.6.18-19.
    -3 inevitable. (
    -मः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.
    -अत्यय a.
    1 difficult to be overcome; स्वर्गमार्गपरिघो दुरत्ययः R.11.88.
    -2 hard to be attained or fathomed; स एष आत्मा स्वपरेत्यबुद्धिभिर्दुरत्यया- नुक्रमणो निरूप्यते Bhāg.7.5.13.
    -अदृष्टम् ill-luck, misfortune.
    -अधिग, -अधिगम a.
    1 hard to reach or attain, unattainable; Bhāg.3.23.8; दुरधिगमः परभागो यावत्पुरुषेण पौरुषं न कृतम् Pt.1.33.
    -2 insurmountable.
    -3 hard to be studied or understood; इह दुरधिगमैः किञ्चि- देवागमैः Ki.5.18.
    -अधिष्ठित a. badly performed, managed, or executed. (
    -तम्) improper stay at a place.
    -अधीत a. badly learnt or read.
    -अध्यय a.
    1 difficult of attainment; सहस्रवर्त्मा चपलैर्दुरध्ययः Śi.12.11.
    -2 hard to be studied.
    -अध्यवसायः a foolish undertaking.
    -अध्वः a bad road; स्वयं दुरध्वार्णवनाविकाः कथं स्पृशन्तु विज्ञाय हृदापि तादृशीम् N.9.33.
    -अन्त a.
    1 whose end is difficult to be reached, endless, infinite; संकर्षणाय सूक्ष्माय दुरन्तायान्तकाय च Bhāg.
    -2 ending ill or in misery, unhappy; अहो दुरन्ता बलवद्विरोधिता Ki.1.23; नृत्यति युवति- जनेन समं सखि विरहिजनस्य दुरन्ते (वसन्ते) Gīt.1; इयमुदरदरी- दुरन्तधारा यदि न भवेदभिमानभङ्गभूमिः Udb.
    -3 hard to be understood or known.
    -4 insurmountable.
    -अन्तक a. = दुरन्त q. v. (
    -कः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -अन्वय a.
    1 difficult to be passed along; Mb.14.51.17.
    -2 hard to be carried out or followed.
    -3 difficult to be attained. or understood; बुद्धिश्च ते महाप्राज्ञ देवैरपि दुरन्वया Rām.3. 66.18.
    -4 not suitable, improper; वचो दुरन्वयं विप्रास्तूष्णी- मासन्भ्रमद्धियः Bhāg.1.84.14.
    (-यः) 1 a wrong conclusion, one wrongly inferred from given premisses.
    -2 (in gram.) a false agreement.
    -अपवादः ill report. slander.
    -अभिग्रह a. difficult to be caught.
    -अभि- मानिन् a. vain-glorious, disagreeably proud.
    - अवगम a. incomprehensible; Bhāg.5.13.26.
    -अवग्रह a.
    1 difficult to be restrained or subjugated; भक्ता भजस्व दुरवग्रह मा त्यजास्मान् Bhāg.1.29.31.
    -2 disagreeable.
    -अवग्राह a. difficult to be attained; Bhāg.7.1.19.
    -अवच्छद a. difficult to be hidden; हेतुभिर्लक्षयांचक्रुराप्रीतां दुरवच्छदैः Bhāg.1.62.28.
    -अवबोध a. unintelligible. Bhāg.1.49.29.
    -अवसित a. unfathomed, difficult to be ascertained, द्युपतिभिरजशक्रशंकराद्यैर्दुरवसितस्तवमच्युतं नतो$स्मि Bhāg.12.12.67.
    -अवस्थ a. ill off, badly or poorly circumstanced.
    -अवस्था, -स्थानम् a wretched or miser- able state; Bhāg.5.3.12.
    -अवाप a. difficult to be gained or fulfilled; Ś.1.
    -अवेक्षितम् an improper look.
    -अह्नः a bad day.
    -आकृति a. ugly, mis-shaped.
    -आक्रन्द a. crying bitterly or miserably; किं क्रन्दसि दुराक्रन्द स्वपक्ष- क्षयकारक Pt.4.29.
    -आक्रम a.
    1 invincible, unconquer- able.
    -2 difficult to be passed.
    -आक्रमणम् 1 unfair attack.
    -2 difficult approach.
    -आगमः improper or illegal acquisition.
    -आग्रहः foolish obstinacy, head- strongness, pertinacity; ममाहमित्यूढदुराग्रहाणां पुंसाम् Bhāg.3. 5.43.
    1 hard to be performed.
    -2 incurable (as a disease).
    -आचार a.
    1 ill-conducted, badly be- haved.
    -2 following bad practices, wicked, depraved; अपि चेत्सुदुराचारो भजते मामनन्यभाक् Bg.9.3. (
    -रः) bad practice, ill-conduct, wikedness.
    -आढ्य a. not rich, poor.
    -आत्मता vileness, baseness, wickedness.
    -आत्मन् a. evil-natured, low, wicked, vile, base, mean; ये च प्राहुर्दुरात्मानो दुराराध्या महीभुजः Pt.1.39. (-m.) a rascal, villain, scoundrel.
    - आधर a. difficult to be withstood or overpowered, irresistible.
    -आधर्ष a. hard to be approached or assailed, unassailable जगन्नाथो दुराधर्षो गङ्गां भागीरथीं प्रति Mb.
    -2 not to be attacked with impu- nity.
    -3 haughty. (
    -र्षः) white mustard.
    -आधारः an epithet of Śiva.
    -आधिः (m.)
    1 distress or anxiety of mind; निरस्तनारीसमया दुराधयः Ki.1.28.
    -2 indignation.
    -आधी a. Ved. malignant, thinking ill of.
    - आनम a. difficult to bend or draw; स विचिन्त्य धनुर्दुरानमम् R.11.38.
    -आप a.
    1 difficult to be obtained; श्रिया दुरापः कथमीप्सितो भवेत् Ś.3.13; R.1.72;6.62.
    -2 difficult to be ap- proached; Pt.1.67.
    -3 hard to be overcome.
    -आपादन a. difficult to be brought about; किं दुरापादनं तेषाम् Bhāg.3.23.42.
    -आपूर a. difficult to be filled or satisfied; Bhāg.7.6.8.
    -आबाध a. hard to be molested. (
    -धः) N. of Śiva.
    -आमोदः bad scent, stench; शवधूमदुरामोदः शालिभक्ते$त्र विद्यते Ks.82.22.
    -आराध्य a. difficult to be propitiated, hard to be won over or conciliated; दुराराध्याः श्रियो राज्ञां दुरापा दुष्परिग्रहाः Pt.1.38.
    -आरुह a. difficult to be mounted.
    (-हः) 1 the Bilva tree.
    -2 the cocoanut tree.
    -3 the date tree.
    -आरोप a. difficult to be strung (bow); दुरारोपमैन्दुशेखरं धनुर्दुर्निवारा रावणभुजदण्डाः B. R.1.46-47.
    -आरोह a. difficult of ascent.
    (-हः) 1 The cocoanut tree.
    -2 the palm tree.
    -3 the date tree.
    -आलापः 1 a curse, imprecation.
    -2 foul of abusive language.
    -आलोक a.
    1 difficult to be seen or perceived.
    -2 painfully bright, dazzling; दुरालोकः स समरे निदाघाम्बररत्नवत् K. P.1. (
    -कः) dazzling splendour.
    -आव(वा)र a.
    1 difficult to be covered or filled up; दुरावरं त्वदन्येन राज्यखण्डमिदं महत् Rām.2.15.5.
    -2 difficult to be restrained, shut in, kept back or stopped.
    -आवर्त a. difficult to be convinced or set up; भवन्ति सुदुरावर्ता हेतुमन्तो$पि पण्डिताः Mb.12.19.23.
    1 evil-minded, wicked, malicious, स्फुटनिर्भिन्नो दुराशयो$धमः Śi. उपेयिवान् मूलमशेषमूलं दुराशयः कामदुघाङ्घ्रिपस्य Bhāg.3.21.15.
    -2 having a bad place or rest. (-m.) the subtle body which is not destroyed by death (लिङ्गदेह); एतन्मे जन्म लोके$स्मिन्मुमुक्षूणां दुराशयात् Bhāg.3.24. 36.
    -आशा 1 a bad or wicked desire.
    -2 hoping against hope.
    -आस a. difficult to be abided or associated with; संघर्षिणा सह गुणाभ्यधिकैर्दुरासम् Śi.5.19.
    1 difficult to be approached or overtaken; स सभूव दुरासदः परैः R.3.66; 8.4; Mv.2.5; 4.15.
    -2 difficult to be found or met with.
    -3 unequalled, unparalleled.
    -4 hard to be borne, insupportable.
    -5 difficult to be conquered, unassailable, unconquerable; जहि शत्रुं महाबाहो कामरूपं दुरासदम् Bg.3.43. (
    -दः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -इत a.
    1 difficult.
    -2 sinful.
    (-तम्) 1 a bad course, evil, sin; दरिद्राणां दैन्यं दुरितमथ दुर्वासनहृदां द्रुतं दूरीकुर्वन् G. L.2; R.8.2; Amaru.2; Mv.3.43.
    -2 a difficulty, danger.
    -3 a calamity, evil; अपत्ये यत्तादृग्- दुरितमभवत् U.4.3.
    -इतिः f. Ved.
    1 a bad course.
    -2 difficulty.
    -इष्टम् 1 a curse, imprecation.
    -2 a spell or sacrificial rite performed to injure another person.
    -ईशः a bad lord or master.
    -ईषणा, -एषणा 1 a curse, an imprecation.
    -2 an evil eye.
    -उक्त a. harshly utter- ed; Pt.1.89.
    -उक्तम्, -उक्तिः f. offensive speech, reproach, abuse, censure; लक्ष्मि क्षमस्व वचनीयमिदं दुरुक्तम् Udb.
    -उच्छेद a. difficult to be destroyed.
    -उत्तर a.
    1 unanswerable.
    -2 difficult to be crossed; दुरुत्तरे पङ्क इवान्धकारे Bk.11.2; प्राप्तः पङ्को दुरुत्तरः Ki.15.17.
    - उदय a. appearing with difficulty, not easily manifested; यो$ नात्मनां दुरुदयो भगवान्प्रतीतः Bhāg.3.16.5.
    -उदर्क a. having bad or no consequences; N.5.41.
    -उदाहर a. diffi- cult to be pronounced or composed; अनुज्झितार्थसंबन्धः प्रबन्धो दुरुदाहरः Śi.2.73.
    -उद्वह a. burdensome, unbear- able.
    - उपसद a. difficult of approach; Ki.7.9.
    -उपसर्पिन् a. approaching incautiously; एकमेव दहत्यग्निर्नरं दुरुपसर्पिणम् Ms.7.9.
    -ऊह a. abstruse; जानीते जयदेव एव शरणः श्लाघ्ये दुरूहद्रुते Gīt.
    -एव a. Ved.
    1 having evil ways.
    -2 irresis- tible, unassailable. (
    -वः) a wicked person.
    -ओषस् a. Ved. slow, lazy.
    - ग 1 difficult of access, inaccessible, impervious, impassable; दुर्गस्त्वेष महापन्थाः Mb.12.3. 5; दुर्गं पथस्तत्कवयो वदन्ति Kaṭh.1.3.14.
    -2 unattain- able.
    -3 incomprehensible.
    -4 following wicked path, vicious; Rām.2.39.22.
    (-गः, -गम्) 1 a difficult or narrow passage through a wood or over a stream, mountain &c., a defile, narrow pass.
    -2 a citadel. fortress, castle; न दुर्गं दुर्गमित्येव दुर्गमं मन्यते जनः । तस्य दुर्गमता सैव यत्प्रभुस्तस्य दुर्गमः ॥ Śiva. B.16.61.
    -3 rough ground.
    -4 difficulty, adversity, calamity, distress, danger; निस्तारयतिं दुर्गाच्च Ms.3.98;11.43; मच्चित्तः सर्व- दुर्गाणि मत्प्रसादात्तरिष्यसि; Bg.18.58.
    (-गः) 1 bdellium.
    -2 the Supreme Being.
    -3 N. of an Asura slain by Durgā (thus receiving her name from him). ˚अध्यक्षः, ˚पतिः, ˚पालः the commandant or governor of a castle. ˚अन्तः The suburb of a fort; दुर्गान्ते सिद्धतापसाः Kau. A. 1.12. ˚कर्मन् n. fortification. ˚कारक a. making difficult. (
    -कः) the birch tree. ˚घ्नी N. of Durgā. ˚तरणी an epithet of Sāvitrī. सावित्री दुर्गतरणी वीणा सप्तविधा तथा Mb. ˚मार्गः a defile, gorge. ˚लङ्घनम् surmounting difficu- lties. (
    -नः) a camel. ˚संचरः
    1 a difficult passage as to a fort &c., a bridge &c. over a defile. ˚संस्कारः Repairs to the old forts; अतो दुर्गसंस्कार आरब्धव्ये किं कौमुदीमहोत्सवेन Mu. ˚सिंहः N. of the author of कलापपरिशिष्ट. ˚व्यसनम् a defect or weak point in a fortress. (
    -र्गा) an epithet of Pārvatī, wife of Śiva.
    -2 the female cuckoo
    -3 N. of several plants. ˚नवमी the 9th day of the bright half of कार्तिक. ˚पूजा the chief festival in honour of दुर्गा in Bengal in the month of Āśvina.
    -गत a.
    1 unfortunate, in bad circumstances; समाश्वसिमि केनाहं कथं प्राणिमि दुर्गतः Bk.18.1.
    -2 indigent, poor.
    -3 distressed, in trouble.
    -गतता ill-luck, poverty, misery; तावज्जन्मातिदुःखाय ततो दुर्गतता सदा Pt.1.265.
    -गतिः f.
    1 misfortune, poverty, want, trouble, indigence; न हि कल्याणकृत्कश्चिद् दुर्गतिं तात गच्छति Bg.6.4.
    -2 a difficult situation or path.
    -3 hell.
    -गन्ध a. ill-smelling.
    (-न्धः) 1 bad odour, stink
    -2 any ill-smelling substance.
    -3 an onion.
    -4 the mango tree. (
    -न्धम्) sochal salt.
    -गन्धि, -गन्धिन् a. ill-smelling.
    -गम a.
    1 impassable, inaccessible, impervious; कामिनीकायकान्तारे कुचपर्वतदुर्गमे Bh.1.86; Śi. 12.49.
    -2 unattainable, difficult of attainment.
    -3 hard to be understood. (
    -मम्) a difficult place like hill etc; भ्राम्यन्ते दुर्गमेष्वपि Pt.5.81.
    -गाढ, -गाध, -गाह्य a. difficult to be fathomed or investigated, unfathomable.
    -गुणितम् not properly studied; चिराम्यस्तपथं याति शास्त्रं दुर्गुणितं यथा Avimārakam.2.4.
    -गोष्ठी evil association; conspiracy. वृद्धो रक्कः कम्पनेशो दुर्गोष्ठीमध्यगो$भवत् Rāj. T.6. 17.
    -ग्रह a.
    1 difficult to be gained or accomplished.
    -2 difficult to be conquered or subjugated; दुर्गाणि दुर्ग्रहाण्यासन् तस्य रोद्धुरपि द्विषाम् R.17.52.
    -3 hard to be understood.
    (-हः) 1 a cramp, spasm.
    -2 obstinacy.
    -3 whim, monomania; कथं न वा दुर्ग्रहदोष एष ते हितेन सम्य- ग्गुरुणापि शम्यते N.9.41.
    -घट a.
    1 difficult. कार्याणि घटयन्नासीद् दुर्घटान्यपि हेलया Rāj. T.4.364.
    -2 impossible.
    -घण a.
    1 closely packed together, very compact.
    -घुरुटः An unbeliever; L. D. B.
    -घोषः 1 a harsh cry.
    -2 a bear.
    -जन a.
    1 wicked, bad, vile.
    -2 slanderous, malicious, mischievous; यथा स्त्रीणां तथा वाचां साधुत्वे दुर्जनो जनः U.1.6. (
    -नः) a bad or wicked person, a malicious or mischievous man, villain; दुर्जनः प्रियवादी च नैतद्विश्वास- कारणम् Chāṇ.24,25; शाम्येत्प्रत्यपकारेण नोपकारेण दुर्जनः Ku.2.4. (दुर्जनायते Den. Ā. to become wicked; स्वजनो$पि दरिद्राणां तत्क्षणाद् दुर्जनायते Pt.1.5.). (दुर्जनीकृ [च्वि] to make blameworthy; दुर्जनीकृतास्मि अनेन मां चित्रगतां दर्शयता Nāg.2).
    -जय a. invincible. (
    -यः) N. of Viṣṇu.
    -जर a.
    1 ever youthful; तस्मिन्स्तनं दुर्जरवीर्यमुल्बणं घोराङ्कमादाय शिशोर्दधावथ Bhāg.1.6.1.
    -2 hard (as food), indigestible.
    -3 difficult to be enjoyed; राजश्रीर्दुर्जरा तस्य नवत्वे भूभुजो$भवत् Rāj. T.5.19.
    -जात a.
    1 unhappy, wretched.
    -2 bad-tempered, bad, wicked; Rāj. T.3. 142.
    -3 false, not genuine. ˚जीयिन् a. one who is born in vain; यो न यातयते वैरमल्पसत्त्वोद्यमः पुमान् । अफलं जन्म तस्याहं मन्ये दुर्जातजायिनः ॥ Mb.
    (-तम्) 1 a misfortune, calamity, difficulty; त्वं तावद् दुर्जाते मे$त्यन्तसाहाय्यकारिणी भव M.3; दुर्जातबन्धुः R.13.72. 'a friend in need or adversity.'
    -2 impropriety.
    -जाति a.
    1 bad natured, vile, wicked; रुदितशरणा दुर्जातीनां सहस्व रुषां फलम् Amaru.96.
    -2 out- cast. (
    -तिः f.) misfortune, ill condition.
    -ज्ञान, -ज्ञेय a. difficult to be known, incomprehensible. उच्चावचेषु भुतेषु दुर्ज्ञेयामकृतात्मभिः Ms.6.73. (
    -यः) N. of Śiva.
    -णयः, -नयः, -नीतिः 1 bad conduct.
    -2 impropriety
    -3 in- justice.
    -णामन्, -नामन् a. having a bad name.
    -णीत a.
    1 ill-behaved.
    -2 impolitic.
    -3 forward. (
    -तम्) miscon- duct; दुर्णीतं किमिहास्ति किं सुचरितं कः स्थानलाभे गुणः H.
    -दम, -दमन, -दम्य a. difficult to be subdued, untamable, indomitable.
    -दर्श a.
    1 difficult to be seen.
    -2 dazzling; सुदुर्दर्शमिदं रूपं दृष्टवानसि यन्मन Bg.11.52.
    -दर्शन a. ugly, ill-looking; दुर्दर्शनेन घटतामियमप्यनेन Māl.2.8.
    -दशा a misfortune, calamity.
    -दान्त a.
    1 hard to be tamed or subdued, untamable; Śi.12.22.
    -2 intractable, proud, insolent; दुर्दान्तानां दमनविधयः क्षत्रियेष्वायतन्ते Mv.3.34.
    (-तः) 1 a calf.
    -2 a strife, quarrel.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -दिन a. cloudy, rainy.
    (-नम्) 1 a bad day in general; तद्दिनं दुर्दिनं मन्ये यत्र मित्रागमो हि न Subhāṣ.
    -2 a rainy or cloudy day, stormy or rainy weather; उन्नमत्यकालदुर्दिनम् Mk.5; Ku.6 43; Mv.4.57.
    -3 a shower (of any- thing); द्विषां विषह्य काकुत्स्थस्तत्र नाराचदुर्दिनम् ॥ सन्मङ्गलस्नात इव R.4.41,82;5.47; U.5.5.
    -4 thick darkness; जीमूतैश्च दिशः सर्वाश्चक्रे तिमिरदुर्दिनाः Mb. (दुर्दिनायते Den. Ā. to become cloudy.)
    -दिवसः a dark or rainy day; Pt.1.173.
    -दुरूटः, -ढः 1 an unbeliever
    -2 an abusive word.
    -दृश a.
    1 disagreeable to the sight, disgusting; दुर्दृशं तत्र राक्षसं घोररूपमपश्यत्सः Mb.1.2.298.
    -2 difficult to be seen; पादचारमिवादित्यं निष्पतन्तं सुदुर्दृशम् Rām.7.33.5.
    -दृष्ट a. ill- judged or seen, wrongly decided; Y.2.35.
    -दैवम् ill-luck, misfortune.
    -द्यूतम् an unfair game.
    -द्रुमः onion (green).
    -धर a.
    1 irresistible, difficult to be stopped.
    -2 difficult to be borne or suffered; दुर्धरेण मदनेन साद्यते Ghat.11; Ms.7.28.
    -3 difficult to be accomplished.
    -4 difficult to be kept in memory. (
    -रः) quicksilver.
    -धर्ष a.
    1 inviolable, unassailable.
    -2 inaccessible; संयोजयति विद्यैव नीचगापि नरं सरित् । समुद्रमिव दुर्धर्षं नृपं भाग्य- मतः परम् ॥ H. Pr.5.
    -3 fearful, dreadful.
    -4 haughty.
    -धी a. stupid, silly.
    -नयः 1 arrogance.
    -2 immorality.
    -3 evil strategy; उन्मूलयितुमीशो$हं त्रिवर्गमिव दुर्नयः Mu.5.22.
    -नामकः piles. ˚अरिः a kind of bulbous root (Mar. सुरण).
    -नामन् m. f. a cockle. (-n.) piles.
    -निग्रह a. irre- pressible, unruly; मनो दुर्निग्रहं चलम् Bg.6.35.
    -निमित a. carelessly put or placed on the ground; पदे पदे दुर्निमिते गलन्ती R.7.1.
    -निमित्तम् 1 a bad omen; R.14.5.
    -2 a bad pretext.
    -निवार, -निवार्य a. difficult to be check- ed or warded off, irresistible, invincible.
    -नीतम् 1 mis- conduct, bad policy, demerit, misbehaviour; दुर्णीतं किमि- हास्ति Pt.2.21; H.1.49.
    -2 ill-luck.
    -नीतिः f. mal- administration; दुर्नीतिं तव वीक्ष्य कोपदहनज्वालाजटालो$पि सन्; Bv.4.36.
    -नृपः a bad king; आसीत् पितृकुलं तस्य भक्ष्यं दुर्नृप- रक्षसः Rāj. T.5.417.
    -न्यस्त a. badly arranged; दुर्न्यस्त- पुष्परचितो$पि Māl.9.44.
    -बल a.
    1 weak, feeble.
    -2 enfeebled, spiritless; दुर्बलान्यङ्गकानि U.1.24.
    -3 thin, lean, emaciated; U.3.
    -4 small, scanty, little; स्वार्थोप- पत्तिं प्रति दुर्बलाशः R.5.12.
    -बाध a. Unrestrained (अनिवार); दुर्बाधो जनिदिवसान्मम प्रवृद्धः (आधिः); Mv.6.28.
    -बाल a.
    1 bald-headed.
    -2 void of prepuce.
    -3 having crook- ed hair.
    -बुद्धि a.
    1 silly, foolish, stupid.
    -2 perverse, evil-minded, wicked; धार्तराष्ट्रस्य दुर्बुद्धेर्युद्धे प्रियचिकीर्षवः (समा- गताः) Bg.1.23
    -बुध a. wicked-minded, silly; Mb. 11.4.18.
    -बोध a. unintelligible, unfathomable, inscru- table; निसर्गदुर्बोधमबोधविक्लवाः क्व भूपतीनां चरितं क्व जन्तवः Ki. 1.6.
    -भग a.
    1 unfortunate, unlucky; श्रीवल्लभं दुर्भगाः (निन्दन्ति) Pt.1.415.
    -2 not possessed of good features, ill-looking.
    -भगा 1 a wife disliked by her husband; दुर्भगाभरणप्रायो ज्ञानं भारः क्रियां विना H.1.17.
    -2 an ill-tempered woman, a shrew.
    -3 a widow;
    -भर a. insupportable, burdensome, heavily laden with (comp.); ततो राजाब्रवीदेतं बहुव्यसनदुर्भरः Ks.112.156.
    -भाग्य a. unfortunate, unlucky. (
    ग्यम्) ill-luck.
    -भावना 1 an evil thought.
    -2 a bad tendency.
    -भिक्षम् 1 scarcity of provisions, dearth, famine; Y.2.147; Ms.8.22; उत्सवे व्यसने चैव दुर्भिक्षे... यस्तिष्ठति स बान्धवः H.1.71; Pt.2.
    -2 want in general.
    -भिद, -भेद, -भेद्य a. firm; सुजनस्तु कनकघटवद् दुर्भेद्यश्चाशु संध्येयः Subhāṣ.
    -भृत्यः a bad servant.
    -भिषज्यम् incurability; Bṛi. Up.4.3.14.
    -भ्रातृ m. a bad brother.
    -मङ्कु a. obstinate, disobedient.
    -मति a.
    1 silly, stupid, foolish, ignorant.
    -2 wicked, evilminded; न सांपरायिकं तस्य दुर्मतेर्विद्यते फलम् Ms.11.3.
    -मद a. drun- ken, ferocious, maddened, infatuated; Bhāg.1.15.7.
    -दः foolish pride, arrogance.
    -दम् the generative organ; ग्रामकं नाम विषयं दुर्मदेन समन्वितः Bhāg.4.25.52.
    -मनस् a. troubled in mind, discouraged, disspirited, sad, malancholy; अद्य बार्हस्पतः श्रीमान् युक्तः पुष्येण राघवः । प्रोच्यतै ब्राह्मणैः प्राज्ञैः केन त्वमसि दुर्मनाः ॥ Rām. [दुर्मनायते Den. Ā. to be troubled in mind, be sad, meditate sorrowfully, to be disconso- late, become vexed or fretted; Māl.3].
    -मनुष्यः a bad or wicked man.
    -मन्त्रः, -मन्त्रितम्, -मन्त्रणा evil advice, bad counsel; दुर्मन्त्रान्नृपतिर्विनश्यति; Pt.1.169.
    -मरम् a hard or difficult death; Mb.14.61.9.
    -मरी a kind of दूर्वा grass.
    -मरणम् violent or unnatural death.
    -मर्ष a.
    1 unbearable; Bhāg.6.5.42.
    -2 obstinate, hostile.
    -मर्षणः N. of Viṣṇu.
    -मर्षित a. provocated, encouraged; एवं दुर्मर्षितो राजा स मात्रा बभ्रुवाहनः Mb.14. 79.13,
    -मर्याद a. immodest, wicked.
    -मल्लिका, -मल्ली a minor drama, comedy, farce; S. D.553.
    -मित्रः 1 a bad friend.
    -2 an enemy.
    -मुख a.
    1 having a bad face, hideous, ugly; Bh.1.9.
    -2 foul-mouthed, abusive, scurrilous; Bh.2.69.
    (-खः) 1 a horse.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -3 N. of a serpent king (Nm.)
    -4 N. of a monkey (Nm.)
    -5 N. of a year (29th year out of 6 years cycle).
    -मूल्य a. highly priced, dear.
    -मेधस् a. silly, foolish, dull-headed, dull; Pt.1. (-m.) a dunce, dull-headed man, blockhead; ग्रन्थानधीत्य व्याकर्तु- मिति दुर्मेधसो$प्यलम् Śi.2.26.
    -मैत्र a. unfriendly, hostile; Bhāg.7.5.27.
    -यशस् n. ill-repute, dishonour.
    -योगः 1 bad or clumsy contrivance.
    -2 a bad combi- nation.
    -योध, -योधन a. invincible, unconquerable. (
    -नः) the eldest of the 11 sons of Dhṛitarāṣṭra and Gāndhārī. [From his early years he conceived a deep hatred for his cousins the Pāṇḍavas, but particularly Bhīma, and made every effort he could to compass their destruction. When his father pro- posed to make Yudhiṣṭhira heir-apparent, Duryodhana did not like the idea, as his father was the reigning sovereign, and prevailed upon his blind father to send the Pāṇḍavas away into exile. Vāraṇāvata was fixed upon as their abode, and under pretext of constructing a palatial building for their residence, Duryodhana caused a palace to be built mostly of lac, resin and other combustible materials, thereby hoping to see them all destroyed when they should enter it. But the Paṇḍavas were forewarned and they safely escaped. They then lived at Indraprastha, and Yudhiṣṭhira performed the Rājasuya sacrifice with great pomp and splendour. This event further excited the anger and jealousy of Duryodhana, who was already vexed to find that his plot for burning them up had signally failed, and he induced his father to invite the Pāṇḍavas to Hastināpura to play with dice (of which Yudhiṣṭhira was particularly fond). In that gambling-match, Duryodhana, who was ably assisted by his maternal uncle Śakuni, won from Yudhiṣṭhira everything that he staked, till the infatuated gambler staked himself, his brothers, and Draupadī herself, all of whom shared the same fate. Yudhiṣṭhira, as a condition of the wager, was forced to go to the forest with his wife and brothers, and to remain there for twelve years and to pass one addi- tional year incognito. But even this period, long as it was, expired, and after their return from exile both the Pāṇḍavas and Kauravas made great preparations for the inevitable struggle and the great Bhāratī war commenced. It lasted for eighteen days during which all the Kauravas, with most of their allies, were slain. It was on the last day of the war that Bhīma fought a duel with Duryodhana and smashed his thigh with his club.] मोघं तवेदं भुवि नामधेयं दुर्योधनेतीह कृतं पुरस्तात् न हीह दुर्योधनता तवास्ति पलायमानस्य रणं विहाय Mb.4.65.17.
    -योनि a. of a low birth, न कथंचन दुर्योनिः प्रकृतिं स्वां नियच्छति Ms.1.59.
    -लक्ष्य a. difficult to be seen or perceived, hardly visible.
    -क्ष्यम् bad aim; मनः प्रकृत्यैव चलं दुर्लक्ष्यं च तथापि मे Ratn.3.2.
    -लभ a.
    1 difficult to be attained, or accomplished; R.1.67;17.7; Ku.4.4;5.46,61; दुर्लभं भारते जन्म मानुष्यं तत्र दुर्लभम् Subhāṣ.
    -2 difficult to be found or met with, scarce, rare; शुद्धान्तदुर्लभम् Ś.1.17.
    -3 best, excellent, eminent.
    -ग्रामः a village situated close to a large village and inhabited by the free-holders (अग्र- हारोपजीविनः); Māna.1.79-8.
    -4 dear, beloved.
    -5 costly.
    -ललित a.
    1 spoilt by fondling, fondled too much, hard to please; हा मदङ्कदुर्ललित Ve.4; V.2.8; Māl.9.
    -2 (hence) wayward, naughty, illbred, unruly; स्पृहयामि खलु दुर्ललितायास्मै Ś.7. (
    -तम्) waywardness, rudeness.
    -लेख्यम् a forged document. Y.2.91.
    -वच a.
    1 difficult to be described, indescribable. अपि वागधिपस्य दुर्वचं वचनं तद् विदधीत विस्मयम् Ki.2.2.
    -2 not to be talked about.
    -3 speaking improperly, abusing. (
    -चम्) abuse, censure, foul language.
    -वचस् n. abuse, censure; असह्यं दुर्वचो ज्ञातेर्मेघा- न्तरितरौद्रवत् Udb.
    -वर्ण a. bad-coloured.
    -र्णः 1 bad colour.
    -2 impurity; यथा हेम्नि स्थितो वह्निर्दुवर्णं हन्ति धातु- जम् Bhāg.12.3.47.
    (-र्णम्) 1 silver. दुर्वर्णभित्तिरिह सान्द्रसुधासुवर्णा Śi.4.28.
    -2 a kind of leprosy.
    -वस a. difficult to be resided in.
    -वसतिः f. painful residence; R.8.94.
    -वह a. heavy, difficult to be borne; दुर्वहगर्भखिन्नसीता U.2.1; Ku.1.11.
    -वाच् a. speaking ill. (-f.)
    1 evil words, abuse.
    -2 inelegant language or speech.
    -वाच्य a.
    1 difficult to be spoken or uttered.
    -2 abusive, scurrilous.
    -3 harsh, cruel (as words).
    (-च्यम्) 1 censure, abuse.
    -2 scandal, ill-repute.
    -वातः a fart. ˚वातय Den. P. to break wind or fart; इत्येके विहसन्त्येनमेके दुर्वातयन्ति च Bhāg.11.23.4.
    -वादः slander, defamation, calumny.
    -वार, -वारण a. irresistible, unbearable; R.14.87; किं चायमरिदुर्वारः पाणौ पाशः प्रचेतसः Ku.2.21.
    -वासना 1 evil propensity, wicked desire; कः शत्रुर्वद खेददानकुशलो दुर्वासनासंचयः Bv. 1.86.
    -2 a chimera.
    -वासस् a.
    1 ill-dressed.
    -2 naked. (-m.) N. of a very irascible saint or Ṛiṣi, son of Atri and Anasūyā. (He was very hard to please, and he cursed many a male and female to suffer misery and degradation. His anger, like that of Jama- dagni, has become almost proverbial.)
    -वाहितम् a heavy burden; उरोजपूर्णकुम्भाङ्का सदुर्वाहितविभ्रमा Rāj. T.4.18.
    -विगाह, -विगाह्य a. difficult to be penetrated or fathomed, unfathomable.
    -विचिन्त्य inconcei- vable, inscrutable
    -विद a. difficult to be known or discovered; नूनं गतिः कृतान्तस्य प्राज्ञैरपि सुदुर्विदा Mb.7.78. 2.
    -विदग्ध 1 unskilled, raw, foolish, stupid, silly.
    -2 wholly ignorant.
    -3 foolishly puffed up, elated. vainly proud; वृथाशस्त्रग्रहणदुर्विदग्ध Ve.3; ज्ञानलवदुर्विदग्धं ब्रह्मापि नरं न रञ्जयति Bh.2.3.
    -विद्ध a. Badly perforated (a pearl); Kau. A.2.11.
    -विद्य a. uneducated; Rāj. T.1.354.
    -विध a.
    1 mean, base, low.
    -2 wicked, vile.
    -3 poor, indigent; विदधाते रुचिगर्वदुर्विधम् N.2.23.
    -4 stupid, foolish, silly; विविनक्ति न बुद्धिदुर्विधः Śi.16.39.
    -विनयः misconduct, imprudence.
    -विनीत a.
    1 (a) badly educated, ill-mannered; ill-behaved, wicked; शासितरि दुर्विनीतानाम् Ś.1.24. (b) rude, naughty, mis- chievous.
    -2 stubborn, obstinate.
    (-तः) 1 a restive or untrained horse.
    -2 a wayward person, reprobate.
    -विपाक a. producing bad fruit; श्रितासि चन्दनभ्रान्त्या दुर्विपाकं विषद्रुमम् U.1.46.
    (-कः) 1 bad result or conse- quence; U.1.4; किं नो विधिरिह वचने$प्यक्षमो दुर्विपाकः Mv. 6.7.
    -2 evil consequences of acts done either in this or in a former birth.
    -विभाव्य a. inconceivable; also दुर्विभाव; असद्वृत्तेरहो वृत्तं दुर्विभावं विधेरिव Ki.11.56.
    -विमर्श a. difficult to be tried or examined; यो दुर्विमर्शपथया निजमाययेदं सृष्ट्वा गुणान्विभजते तदनुप्रविष्टः Bhāg.1.49.29.
    -विलसितम् a wayward act, rudeness, naughtiness; डिम्भस्य दुर्विलसितानि मुदे गुरूणाम् B. R.4.6.
    -विलासः a bad or evil turn of fate; U.1.
    -विवाहः a censurable marriage; इतरेषु तु शिष्टेषु नृशंसानृतवादिनः । जायन्ते दुर्विवाहेषु ब्रह्मधर्मद्विषः सुताः ॥ Ms.3.41.
    -विष a. ill-natured, malignant. (
    -षः) N. of Śiva.
    -विषह a. unbearable, intolerable, irresistible. (
    -हः) N. of Śiva.
    -वृत्त a.
    1 vile, wicked, ill-behaved.
    -2 roguish. (
    -त्तम्) misconduct, ill-behaviour. दुर्वृत्तवृत्तशमनं तव देवि शीलम् Devīmāhātmya.
    -वृत्तिः f.
    1 misconduct.
    -2 misery, want, distress.
    -3 fraud.
    -वृष्टिः f. insufficient rain, drought.
    -वेद a. difficult to be known or ascertained.
    -व्यवहारः a wrong judgment in law.
    -व्यवहृतिः f. ill-report or rumour.
    -व्यसनम् 1 a fond pursuit or resolve; Mu.3.
    -2 bad propensity, vice; तेन दुर्व्यसनेनासीद्भोजने$पि कदर्थना Ks.73.73.
    -व्रत a. not conforming to rules, disobedient.
    -हुतम् a badly offered sacrifice.
    -हृद् a. wicked-hearted, ill-disposed, inimical; अकुर्वतोर्वां शुश्रूषां क्लिष्टयोर्दुर्हृदा भृशम् Bhāg.1.45.9. (-m.) an enemy.
    -हृदय a. evil-minded, evil-intention- ed, wicked.
    -हृषीक a. having defective organs of sense.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > दुर् _dur

  • 16 Besitz

    Besitz m 1. BÖRSE holding; 2. GEN property, ownership; 3. GRUND occupancy; 4. RECHT possession; estate (Erbschaftsrecht); occupation (Innehaben) Besitz entziehen GRUND dispossess Besitz ergreifen von GRUND take possession of im Besitz sein von GEN be in possession of
    * * *
    m 1. < Börse> holding; 2. < Geschäft> property, ownership; 3. < Grund> occupancy; 4. < Recht> possession, Erbschaftsrecht estate Innehaben occupation ■ Besitz entziehen < Grund> dispossess ■ Besitz ergreifen von < Grund> take possession of
    * * *
    Besitz
    possession, possessorship, hand, holding, occupancy, occupation, grasp, tenancy, (Gut) estate, property, ownership, (Habe) havings, things, belongings, (Reichtum) wealth, (Vermögen) fortune, interests;
    im Besitz von Ländereien possessed of lands;
    in ausländischem Besitz foreign-owned;
    ansehnlicher (ausgedehnter) Besitz large estate;
    ausschließlicher Besitz exclusive possession;
    gebundener Besitz settlement, settled property (Br.);
    gemeinsamer Besitz community, common ownership;
    kostspieliger, unrentabler Besitz white elephant;
    landwirtschaftlicher (landwirtschaftlich genutzter) Besitz agricultural holding (US);
    mittelbarer Besitz constructive possession;
    mein persönlicher Besitz my personal belongings;
    rechtmäßiger Besitz lawful possession;
    strafloser Besitz legal possession;
    treuhänderischer Besitz fiduciary possession;
    unbeschränkter Besitz full possession;
    ungestörter Besitz full (peaceable) possession, quiet enjoyment [of possession];
    unmittelbarer Besitz physical (actual, corporeal, personal) possession;
    unpfändbarer Besitz exemption;
    wertvoller Besitz valued possession;
    wirtschaftlicher Besitz constructive ownership;
    Besitz von Aktien shareholding, stockholding (US);
    Besitz und scheinbares Eigentum (Konkursfall) order and disposition (Br.);
    Besitz der öffentlichen Hand government ownership;
    gegenwärtiger Besitz und Nutznießung present enjoyment, executed use;
    Besitz nach Pachtablauf holding over;
    Besitz der Produktionsmittel industrial ownership;
    Besitz von Staatsanleihen (Staatspapieren) fundholding (Br.);
    Besitz auf Zeit terminal property;
    seinen ganzen Besitz abstoßen to sell off one’s possessions, (Wertpapiere) to unload one’s stock;
    Besitz antreten to come (enter) into possession [of an estate];
    Besitz aufgeben to surrender possession;
    jds. ganzen Besitz ausmachen (bilden) to constitute s. one’s entire estate;
    Besitz ausüben to retain possession;
    im Besitz der Mietwohnung bleiben to remain in possession of a flat (Br.) (rental apartment, US);
    jds. Besitz erben to be left heir to s. one’s estate;
    unmittelbaren Besitz erlangen to seize actual possession;
    in den Besitz von etw. gelangen to become seized (come into possession) of s. th.;
    im ausschließlichen Besitz von etw. sein to be sole possessor of s. th.;
    im Besitz eines großen Vermögens sein to be possessor of a large fortune, to be possessed of a large property;
    j. in den Besitz einer Erbschaft setzen to serve s. o. heir to a property;
    im ausländischen Besitz stehen to be under foreign ownership;
    j. in seinem Besitz stören to disturb s. one’s lawful enjoyment, to interfere with s. one’s possession;
    in den Besitz übergehen to vest in possession;
    jem. einen Besitz überlassen to resign a property to s. o.;
    seinen Besitz auf seinen Sohn übertragen to deliver over an estate to one’s son;
    Besitz verschaffen to transfer possession;
    mittelbaren Besitz verschaffen to constitute constructive delivery;
    Besitzanspruch possessory claim (right, interest), claim to title;
    Besitzaufgabe dereliction, surrender of possession;
    Besitzausübung enjoyment of possession;
    Besitzdauer term of possession, tenure;
    Besitzdiener possessor’s agent, underpossessor;
    Besitzeinweisung livery of seizin;
    gerichtliche Besitzeinweisung vesting order (Br.);
    Besitzeinweisungsbeschluss writ of assistance.

    Business german-english dictionary > Besitz

  • 17 विद्याधर


    vidyā́-dhara
    mfn. possessed of science orᅠ spells. L. ;

    m. a kind of supernatural being (dwelling in the Himâlaya, attending upon Ṡiva, andᅠ possessed of magical power), fairy (- tva n.) Hariv. Kāv. etc.;
    ( alsoᅠ - kavi, -râ̱cārya) N. of various scholars Kir. Sch. Vās. Introd. Cat. ;
    a kind of metre Col.;
    (in music) a kind of measure Saṃgīt. ;
    (ā andᅠ ī) f. N. of a Surâṇganā Siṇhâs. ;
    (ī) f. a female of the above class of supernatural beings, fairy, sylph MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    N. of a daughter of Ṡūra-sena Kathās. ;
    - cakravartin m. a supreme lord of the Vidyā-dharas Vās. ;
    - tāla m. (in music) a kind of measure (= vidyā-dhara) Cat. ;
    - piṭaka (?) N. of wk.;
    - mahā-cakravartin m. the paramount lord of all fairy-like beings (- ti-tā f.) Kathās. ;
    - yantra n. an apparatus for sublimating quicksilver Bhpr. ;
    - rasa m. a partic. mixture Cat. ;
    -râ̱dhî ̱ṡa, m.= - ra-cakra-vartin (- f.) Kathās. ;
    -râ̱bhra m. a partic. mixture L. ;
    - rī-parijana mfn. attended by Vidyā-dharīs MW. ;
    - rī-bhū, to become a Vidyā-dhara Kathās. ;
    - rī-vilāsa m. N. of wk.;
    - rêndra m. a prince of the Vidyā-dharas (- f. - tva, n.) Rājat. Kathās. ;
    N. of Jāmbavat MBh.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > विद्याधर

  • 18 सम्पद्


    sam-pad
    Ā. - padyate (in some forms alsoᅠ P.;

    ind. p. - pādam q.v.), to fall orᅠ happen well, turn out well, succeed, prosper, accrue to (dat. orᅠ gen.) AV. etc. etc.;
    to become full orᅠ complete (as a number), amount to Br. ChUp. Hariv. ;
    to fall together, meet orᅠ unite with, obtain, get into, partake of (instr. orᅠ acc.) Br. Mn. MBh. etc.;
    to enter into, be absorbed in (acc. orᅠ loc.) ChUp. BhP. ;
    to be produced, be brought forth, be born, arise MBh. R. ;
    to become, prove, turn into (nom.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    to be conducive to, produce (dat.) Pañcat. Vārtt. on Pāṇ. 2-3, 13 ;
    (with adv. in sāt) to become thoroughly Pāṇ. 5-4, 53 ;
    to fall into a Person's, power ib. 54 ;
    (with adv. in tra) to fall to a person's share ib. 55 ;
    to produce a partic. sound (as that expressed by an onomatopoetic word in ā) Vop. VII, 88:
    Caus. - pādayati (rarely - te), to cause to succeed, cause to arise, bring about, produce, effect, accomplish (with ṡuṡrūshām andᅠ gen., « to obey») MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    to make full, complete ṠBr. BhP. ;
    to transform, make orᅠ turn into (acc.) Kathās. ;
    to provide orᅠ furnish with (instr.;
    with kriyayā, to charge orᅠ entrust a person with a business) ṠBr. MBh. ;
    SaddhP. ;
    to afford to, procure for (dat. orᅠ gen.) AitBr. MBh. etc.;
    to attain, obtain, acquire AV. R. etc.;
    to ponder on, deliberate MBh. ;
    to consent, agree Br. ChUp.:
    Desid. of Caus. - pipādayishati ( seeᅠ sam-pipādayishā etc., col, 2):
    Intens. - panīpadyate, to fit well Sarvad. ;
    sampád
    f. success, accomplishment, completion, fulfilment, perfection Yājñ. MBh. etc.;

    a condition orᅠ requisite of success etc. BhP. ;
    concord, agreement, stipulation, bargain TS. ĀṡvṠr. ;
    equalization of similar things Ṡaṃk. ;
    attainment, acquisition, possession, enjoyment, advantage, benefit, blessing VarBṛS. Sarvad. Pur. ;
    turning into, growing, becoming Ṡaṃk. ;
    being, existence (ifc.= « possessed of») R. Kathās. BhP. ;
    right condition orᅠ method, correctness RPrāt. MBh. ;
    excellence, glory, splendour, beauty Mn. MBh. etc.;
    excess, abundance, high degree MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    fate, destiny Bhag. ( alsoᅠ pl.);
    good fortune, prosperity, riches, wealth (personified = lakshmī) ṠBr. ChUp. MBh. etc.;
    a kind of medicinal plant (= vṛiddhi) L. ;
    a necklace of pearls L. ;
    - vara v.l. for saṉyad-v-, Uṇ. III, 1 Sch. ;
    vasu m. N. of one of the seven principal rays of the sun (supposed to supply heat to the planet Mars;
    cf. saṉyad-v-) VP. ;
    vipada n. (prob.) good andᅠ ill-luck Kāṡ. on Pāṇ. 5-4, 106 ;
    - vinimaya m. an interchange of benefit orᅠ advantage MW.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सम्पद्

  • 19 सम्पन्न


    sam-panna
    mfn. fallen orᅠ turned out well, accomplished, effected, perfect, excellent (ifc. orᅠ with loc. = « perfectly acquainted orᅠ conversant with») AV. etc. etc.;

    of perfect orᅠ correct flavour, palatable, dainty ĀṡvGṛ. MBh. R. ;
    endowed orᅠ furnished with, possessed of (instr. adv. in - tas, orᅠ comp. alsoᅠ with transposition of the members;
    cf. below) ṠBr. MBh. etc.;
    (ifc.) become, turned into R. ;
    m. N. of Ṡiva MBh. ;
    (am) n. dainty food, a delicacy MBh. XIII, 4567 ;
    - krama m. a partic. Samādhi Buddh. ;
    - kskīrā f. giving good milk (superl. - ra-tamā) Kāṡ. on Pāṇ. 2-3, 41 ;
    - ṉ-kāram ind. making dainty, seasoning ib. III 4, 26 ;
    - tama mfn. most complete orᅠ perfect, AitAr. ;
    - tara mfn. more orᅠ most dainty orᅠ delicate R. ;
    - f. the being endowed with orᅠ possessed of (comp.) Daṡ. ;
    - danta mfn. possessing teeth ĀṡvGṛ. ;
    - pānīya mfn. rich in water Pat. on Pāṇ. 1-2, 52 ;
    - rūpa mfn. of perfect form, complete MW. ;
    dainty, delicate ib.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सम्पन्न

  • 20 ξηραίνω

    ξηραίνω (ξηρός) fut. ξηρανῶ LXX; 1 aor. ἐξήρανα. Pass.: fut. 3 sg. ξηρανθήσεται LXX; 1 aor. ἐξηράνθην; pf. ἐξήραμμαι, ptc. ἐξηραμμένος (Hom. et al.; pap, LXX, En, TestSol; TestLevi 4:1; ParJer 19:17; 4 Esdr 8:23 [Fgm. c]; Joseph.)
    to stop a flow (such as sap or other liquid) in someth. and so cause dryness, to dry, dry up
    act. dry, dry out τὶ someth. (Thu. 1, 109, 4; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 831 ξηραίνει τὸ δένδρον; PGM 13, 27 ξήρανον [viz. τὰ ἄνθη]; Is 42:15; Jer 28:36; Just., D. 107, 3) of the sun τὸν χόρτον Js 1:11.
    pass. in act. sense become dry, dry up, wither of trees (POxy 53, 10; Jo 1:12) Mt 21:19f; Mk 11:20f. Of plants without good roots Mt 13:6; Mk 4:6; Lk 8:6.—1 Pt 1:24 (Is 40:7). A vine-branch when cut off J 15:6. Gener. of plants Hs 9, 21, 1; 3. Of water (Gen 8:7; 3 Km 17:7; Is 19:5f ποταμός; En 101:7; Jos., Bell. 5, 409 πηγή; TestLevi 4:1) of a river: dry up Rv 16:12. Of a flow of blood εὐθὺς ἐξηράνθη ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς her hemorrhage stopped at once Mk 5:29.
    to become dry to the point of being immobilized, be paralyzed, pass. in act. sense, fig. ext. of 1. As plants are killed by drought, so the human body is damaged by certain harmful things (Hippocr., π. τῶν ἐντὸς παθῶν 22 vol. VII 222 L.—PUps 8, 4 καταξηρανθήτω τὸ σῶμα ἐν κλίνοις=may her body dry up on the sickbed) ἄνθρωπος ἐξηραμμένην ἔχων τ. χεῖρα a man with a withered hand (i.e., one incapable of motion; cp. 3 Km 13:4) Mk 3:1, 3 v.l. Likew. the whole body of a boy who was possessed stiffens ξηραίνεται he becomes stiff 9:18 (Theocr. 24, 61 ξηρὸν ὑπαὶ δείους=stiff with fright. Similarly Psellus p. 212, 6).
    to become dry and therefore be ready for harvesting, be ripe, pass. of grain Rv 14:15.—DELG s.v. ξηρός. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ξηραίνω

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